區域組織實施人道干涉的合法性基礎：西非共同體部隊與賴比瑞亞內戰

The Legality of Humanitarian Intervention Through Regional Organizations: ECOMOG and the Liberian Civil War

賴比瑞亞內戰各派系的激烈交戰，引起大量難民湧入鄰近國家，當國際社會對此仍持觀望態度時，西非共同體在未獲安理會授權之下，於一九九０年以人道救助及維護區域安全之名義，派遣聯合武裝部隊前往控制此一衝突並帶來最終的和平。人權若遭大規模之侵犯，足以構成對世界和平的威脅，乃國際法學界之共識，而聯合國憲章第八章亦未排除區域性組織處理有關維持國際和平及安全、且宜於區域行動之事務。依第五十三條規定，區域性強制措施須有安理會之授權，但在授權方式與時間上，則無進一步的詳細說明。如今實際的軍事干預行動已告落幕，然國際法上的相關問題仍有待澄清：例如西非共同體是否為聯合國憲章第八章意義下的區域組織？其派遣多國部隊進行人道干涉的理由是否充分？有無違反共同體法及國際法上所要求的程序與方式？作者認為，在後冷戰時代，應將區域組織納入聯合國集安全體系之運作，建立分工與合作模式，並得迅速採取必要之人道救援和干涉行動，以防止及因應區域衝突。

While the violent fighting between the warlords in the Liberian civil war caused hundreds of thousands refugees to swarm into neighboring countries, it scarcely captured international attention. Without obtaining a prior authorization by the United Nations Security Council, ECOWAS dispatched a combined force to Liberia in 1990 to contain the conflict and finally succeeded in bringing peace to that country. ECOWAS justified its intervention on humanitarian grounds and on the fact that the Liberian conflict posed a threat to the region's peace and security. It is generally accepted among international lawyers that grave breaches of human rights may constitute a threat to international peace. In addition, Chapter Ⅷ of the UN Charter does not preclude the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action. According to Art. 53 of the Charter, no enforcement action can be taken by regional organizations without the authorization of the Security Council. However, there are no further regulations about the way and the right time for authorization. Today, the military operation of ECOWAS has come to an end, but its international legal questions still need to be answered, such as : Does ECOWAS qualify as a regional organization under the meaning of Chapter Ⅷ of the UN Charters? Can the intervention of ECOWAS' multinational forces in Liberia be justified? Has it met the procedure requirements of both Community and international law? It is recommended that, in this post-Cold War era, regional organizations should be integrated into the global collective security system. Moreover, in order to prevent or address regional conflicts, this paper argues for the promotion of collaboration embodied in Chapter Ⅷ by establishing a new division of labor between the the United Nations and regional organizations, particularly with respect to matters relating to timely humanitarian assistance and humanitarian intervention.