禮樂傳統最優意識經驗的進路：雅樂舞身心功效初探

Toward the “Optimal Experience” Admired in the Confucian Tradition: An Investigation of the Effects of Ya-Yue on the Body and Mind

隨著心流經驗與源於印度佛教傳統的正念練習受到社會大眾與科學界的注目，如何控制、提升意識，獲得內心的滿足與幸福成為現代心理學的新議題之一。類似南亞印度的傳統，流傳於東亞與華人社會的道家或儒家也都有一套與修心修身有關的技術或哲思系統，但是在心理學界受到的注意相對地少。在本篇文章中，作者試圖從提升意識與身心功能的角度重新理解儒家文化中的禮樂傳統，尤其是可以呈現禮樂內涵的雅樂舞，由於雅樂舞可以促進練習者回到一種心靈的理想狀態，亦即不受成見、情緒與慾望蒙蔽，平和聰敏又有彈性的意識狀態，我們將它定位為華人傳統社會達到「最優意識經驗」的進路與技巧。接著我們報告或回顧一系列以科學方法探究雅樂舞對身心提升的效用，其結果顯示學童短期佾舞（一種雅樂舞）練習有助於創造力與動作協調表 現提升，根據其原則所編的短期課程（BMAA）能提高工作記憶廣度與持續性注意力，不論兒童或成人版。此外，單純聆聽雅樂（韓國的壽齊天）能增進對心神漫遊的控制與大腦相應部位的改變。也對照已經在心理學與科學界廣為人知的正念訓練與心流經驗，試圖給禮樂傳統與雅樂一個現代的與心理學的意義與切入點。

 

The authors argue that Ya-Yue, a kind of music and dance ensemble believed to serve as a ritual practice for heavenly worship in Ancient China, can be regarded as a way toward a transcendental experience (the oneness of the heaven and humanity) and as an optimal experience special to the Li-Yue tradition that has been spread over Confucian culture. In addition, empirical data about the positive effects of practicing Ya-Yue dance on the mind and body are reported and/or reviewed, including: a) the subjective reports of children YiWu practitioners (a kind of Ya-Yue dance); b) the effects of Yi-Wu on divergent thinking and movement coordination; c) the effects of a short-term mind-body training program based on the principle of Ya-Yue dance (Body-Mind Axial Awareness, or BMAA) on the executive function of children and adults; and d) neuroimaging data of the mind-wandering reduction effects of listening to Ya-Yue.