文化心理劇：「景觀人，人觀景」用於變遷中的華人家庭關係議題

"Seeing from the Scenes" : A Psychodramatic Model for Resolving Familial Relational Conflicts in Contemporary Chinese Societies

本研究探究華人心理劇工作模式「景觀人，人觀景」處理當代華人家庭關係議題的歷程與果效。本模式聚焦於華人關係主義與西方個人主義並存的「雙文化現象／困境」：案主在諮商目標上，擺盪於「追求獨立自主」與「維持（家庭）關係和諧」兩端；在諮商歷程上，拉扯於自我肯認／表達和謹守華人人際原則（保有面子）之間。本研究將「景觀人，人觀景」模式運用於台北、中國華北、華中、西南地區等九個華人家庭心理劇單元，以任務分析法形成歷程闡述文本，再以雙向主題分析法頗析團體歷程與主角半結構深度訪談稿，以探究模式的歷程與果效。研究發現：（1）治療歷程上，景有助於（a）主角「安全地」自我揭露與宣洩情緒、（b）主角「有面子」地自我賦能、（c）「廣角」照見主角所處的社會系統與文化脈絡、（d）「具體真實」遷移治療中的矯治性經驗；（2）家庭關係上，景令主角（a）意識「華人社會文化」對家內關係的影響、（b）接受對角「人在脈絡中」的限制而轉化關係、（c）與「其他家人」關係不再受對角關係影響。根據以上結果與發現，本研究建議將諮商心理學「發展—脈絡觀」融入心理劇的「創造力準則」，俾使關係座落的地景生態得以在治療情境中現 顯，以利評估，並以「景觀人，人觀景」為治療工具，暖化主角的自發性與創造力，突破本土諮商的雙文化困境，帶出對家庭關係的理解與轉化。

 

This study aimed to investigate the group process and effects of a Chinese indigenous psychodramatic model titled, ""Seeing from The Scenes; Seeing from The Person"". This model was invented to address and resolve relational issues within families arising from the Western-Chinese bi-cultural phenomena/conflicts in contemporary Chinese societies. The bi-cultural phenomena refer to clients ‘struggles between pursuing individual independence and autonomy (modernity) and maintaining relational harmony (traditionality), resulting in their attempts to seek counseling and psychotherapy. Meanwhile, the bi-cultural conflicts emerge in the counseling process from clients’ contradictory needs for self-disclosure and self-affirmation (individualismoriented) and simultaneously to save face for selves and others (collectivism-oriented). Inspired by the ""cannon of creativity"" in psychodramatic theory, researchers developed a ten-step working model based on psychodrama’s unique perspectives on time and space. The ten steps include theme choosing and scene setting, identifying the critical object in the scene (OIS), interviewing the protagonist who reversed to the OIS, having the OIS empower the protagonist, repetitive role reversals between the protagonist and the opposite party in the troubled relationship, concretizing the sociocultural messages, mirror, enacting new strategies, consolidating the corrective experiences, imprinting the new experiences in mind through pictures or mental images. The model was implemented in nine psychodramatic groups themed around family issues. Participants were recruited from faculty members and graduate students at four academic institutes across Taipei, central China, southwest China, and north China. An expert-researcher group was formed and consisted of the director of psychodrama, the observers, and the researcher teams to identify critical interventions and turning points of each psychodrama session in order to construct preliminary group process notes using analytical procedures based on task analysis. Two semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with each protagonist first to collect their experiences during the psychodrama process, and second to understand the perceived effects of the working model on family relationships one month afterward. Two-way thematic analysis was conducted with the group process notes and interview transcripts, which then revealed four themes on therapeutic process and three themes on the therapeutic outcomes in terms of bi-cultural conflict resolutions. The study found four therapeutic mechanisms emerging from the group process: (1) the OIS facilitated self-disclosure and emotional catharsis in a face-saving way; (2) the OIS contains and empowers the protagonists while protecting their faces/public-images; (3) the OIS offered a panoramic view to the systemic contexts protagonists were embedded in; (4) the OIS served as a concrete reminder that carried the corrective experiences from therapy to real lives. As for the therapeutic effects, the study revealed three respects of transformations perceived by the protagonists in relation to their family relationships: (1) the protagonists gained awareness of the impacts of the Chinese sociocultural forces impinged on their familial relationships; (2) the protagonists accepted that the specified family members were shaped and restricted by their socio-historical and cultural contexts and thereby took initiatives to change the interactive patterns; (3) the protagonists understood the distinctive conditions/contexts that gave rise to the current relational difficulties and became able to create new possibilities in their other relationships. Based on the research findings, the current study suggested Chinese psychodramatists incorporate the ""development-contextual perspective"" into the ""cannon of creativity"" to developed a more comprehensive, systemic model for case conceptualization, assessments and interventions formation which involves the client’s person, relationships, and environment. Meanwhile, the current model served as a therapeutic tool to warm-up the spontaneity and creativity within the protagonists so that they can generate deeper understandings regarding familial relationships and develop adaptive strategies in resolving interpersonal conflicts resulted from the Chinese-Western cultural/value clash/confrontation.