臺灣法上之公序良俗

Public Order or Good Morals Under Taiwan’s Legal System

民法第72條以公序良俗控管法律行為的規定，源自羅馬法並在各國法制形成通例。公序良俗的具體內容，每因個別社會制度的差異，及時代社會思想的變遷，致有所不同。法律行為因違反公序良俗而無效者，其判斷標準並非具體的法律規範，而是存在於法律本身的價值體系（公共秩序），或法律外的倫理秩序（善良風俗）。有關公序良俗條款的闡釋，由臺灣學界及實務界多年經驗觀察，乃由水平整合法律體系內部（公共秩序）、外部（社會道德）規範，發展成為垂直整合法律體系上層（憲法）、下層（民法）規範，整合密度亦由弱趨強，其發展趨於細緻。其中涉及實現憲法價值、維護人倫、經濟秩序及法制框架，藉由實務上諸多案例所演化的見解，已逐漸形成穩妥的判斷標準，不僅表現多元、開放體系的特性，亦展現理論與實務密切關聯的趨勢。

Article 72 of the Civil Code, which monitors juridical acts via public order or good morals, originated from the Roman law and became the common legal practice in each jurisdiction. The details of public order or good morals vary due to differences in each social system and evolutions of social thoughts and generations. Regarding juridical acts that become void because of violation of public order or good morals, the judgment criteria are not based on specific legal rules, but on the value system (public order) or extra-legal ethical order (good morals). With respect to the interpretation of the public order or good morals clause, judged from the long-term observation on academic and judicial practices, it has developed from horizontally integrating legal system’s internal (public order) and external (social morals) rules into vertically integrating such system’s upper (the Constitution) and lower (the Civil Code) levels of rules. In the meantime, the said integration density has been strengthened and its development refined. For those relating to realize constitutional values as well as safeguard human relations, economic order and legal framework, some stable judgement standards have formed due to the evolving judicial practice, which not only demonstrates the features of diversity and openness but also shows the close bond between theory and practice.