日本學界「儒教國教化」爭論的回顧與反思

A Review and Reflection on the Controversy of the “Establishment of Confucianism as State Teaching” in Japanese Academia

漢朝時期，皇帝開始尊崇儒學，儒學至此取得國家正統的地位，之後成為帝制中國的指導思想，直到清朝滅亡，在中國社會與文化中維持了主流的地位。然而，儒學於漢代何時且如何取得正統與主流地位，不甚清楚。對此問題的傳統理解大概是：漢武帝採納董仲舒的建議而定儒學於一尊，不過在日本學界，圍繞這項問題眾說紛紜，學者們彼此之間有近半個世紀的爭論，通常稱之為「儒教國教化」爭論。「儒教國教化」為跨越不同領域的重要議題，但依筆者所知，在中文學界介紹這場爭論的文章甚少。於是，本文將整理及評述日本學界「儒教國教化」爭論，並提出筆者對相關問題的若干觀點，以期中文學界的讀者進一步瞭解這場爭論。

In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was revered by the Emperor, achieving the position of state orthodoxy and becoming the dominant ideology of imperial China. Confucianism remained the mainstream in Chinese society and culture until the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. However, when and how Confucianism became the orthodoxy and the mainstream of Han Dynasty China remain unclear. A traditional understanding of this subject is that Emperor Wu of Han adopted Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion and revered only Confucianism. However, this subject is controversial in Japanese academia, and scholars have been divided on this topic. This approximately 50-year-long controversy is called the controversy of the “Establishment of Confucianism as State Teaching.” The “Establishment of Confucianism as State Teaching” is a cross-cutting topic, but to the author’s best knowledge, few reviews on this controversy are available in the Chinese literature. Therefore, this article reviews and reflects upon the controversy to help readers in Chinese academia gain a better understanding of the matter.