中國大陸民法總則非法人組織規定的解讀

Understanding the Provisions on Unincorporated Organizations of the New General Rules of Chinese Civil Law

中國大陸2017年通過的民法總則在自然人和法人之外新增了「非法人組織」作為獨立的民事主體的類型，並對其登記批准、代表人、責任承擔、解散、清算和法律準用等問題做出簡要規定。但這些規定在類型劃分並未認真考慮非法人組織的本質，在責任承擔和法律準用上未區分不同的非法人組織的類型進行更為細緻化的規定，而且以登記為要件排除了本應作為非法人組織一章主要規範內容的未登記組織，加之該章所列舉的主要類型都已有單行法律加以規範，使得其規範目的基本難以實現。而將非法人組織納入法人也只是一種名義之辯，未來的法律發展仍應致力探究非法人組織的本質要素，並區分不同類型進行更為精緻的規範設計。

The General Rules of Chinese Civil Law of 2017 adds unincorporated organizations as a third independent type of civil subjects, and briefly stipulates their registration and approval, representatives, assumption of liability, dissolution and liquidation, mutatis mutandis and so on. All these provisions pay no enough attention to the essential of unincorporated organizations and don’t differentiate their various types as to the issues of assumption of liability and mutatis mutandis. The requirement of registration excludes unregistered organizations which should be the main objects regulated by the chapter of unincorporated organizations. All the listed types of unincorporated organizations have also been regulated by special laws. Thus, the aim of these provisions would easily fall through. The idea of including unincorporated organizations in legal persons is just a nominal dispute. The legal theory and practice should devote themselves to exploring the essential elements of unincorporated organizations, and design more detailed rules according to their different types.