健身運動情境下自我對話之探析

Exploring self-talk in exercise settingDeficit/hyperactivity Disorder

緒論：在應用心理學的領域中指出，自我對話是一種促進或維持個體後續行為的心理策略之一；然而，過去研究大部分著重在運動員的自我對話探討，對於健身運動領域中的自我對話則著墨較少，過去有研究提到，健身運動者經常使用自我對話來幫助健身活動的參與，而負面的自我對話可能對於健身運動參與行為造成負面的影響，因此，自我對話在健身運動領域中所帶來的影響是不容小覷的，有鑑於此，本研究旨在於探討健身運動者的自我對話內涵。方法：本研究是以紮根理論為基礎進行資料分析，採資料蒐集同時進行資料分析的方式進行，在訪談結束後，由研究者進行逐字稿轉譯後，編碼程序由研究者及另一位經過訓練之研究員分別進行，並依據 Strauss 與 Corbin的資料分析過程為基礎。共9位健身運動者參與本研究，平均年齡 34.22歲；平均每周運動 4.57次，在獲得每位研究參與者同意後，即進行半結構式訪談。結果：健身運動者的自我對話內涵包含了健身運動相關的及與健身運動無關的 (或是中性的)，健身運動相關的正向自我對話包含了四種指導性及四種激勵性自我對話內涵；而健身運動相關的負向自我對話則包含了四種類型；另外，在與健身運動無關的自我對話當中，包含了社會比較、工作計畫及反思的類型。結論：健身運動者會使用策略性的自我對話 (如：激勵性或指導性) 來幫助自己健身運動的參與；同時也會使用與健身運動無關的自我對話 (如：反思、工作計畫) 來協助自己沉澱及思考。

Introduction: The field of applied psychology proposed that self-talk is a type of psychological strategy used by individuals to enhance or maintain their behavior, however most of the past researches focused on athletes’ self-talk. Limited studies investigated exercisers’ self-talk despite past research suggested that exercisers often uses self-talk to aid exercise participation and negative self-talk may bring about negative effects to the exercise participation. Therefore, the influence of self-talk in the exercise context should not be overlooked and the purpose of this study was to explore self-talk in the exercise domain. Method: Grounded theory was the main approach used for this study whereby interview data were collected and analyzed simultaneously. After interviews were conducted, all interviews were transcribed verbatim by the researcher and line-by-line open coding was performed separately by the researcher and a trained researcher. A total of nine regular exercisers exercise on an average of 4.57 times per week (Mage = 34.22 years, age range: 25–45), consent was obtained from each participant before conducting the semi-structured interview. Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory analytic procedure was used to analyze the semi-structured interviews. Results: Findings revealed that self-talk used by exercisers was either exercise-related or non-exercise-related. In exercise-related self-talk, four instructional themes (concentration, exercise planning, movement regulation, and goal setting) and four motivational themes (confidence enhancement, persistence, positive emotions, and self-encouragement) emerged for positive self-talk while four themes emerged from negative self-talk (negative reinforcement, complaints, excuses, and self-criticism). Non-exercise-related self-talk comprised of three of the following themes: social comparison, work planning, and reflection (self-realization, self-worth, problem-solving, and life events). Conclusion: Exercisers uses strategic self-talk (e.g., motivational or instructional) to aid ones exercise participation and non-exercise related self-talk (e.g., reflection or work planning) are used for oneself to reflect.