台灣跆拳道菁英運動發展政策之分析-1997-2012年

An analysis of the policy used to develop elite performance in Taekwondo in Taiwan from 1997 to 2012

引言: 在台灣，即使運動與政治的關係不是獨一無二的，但仍是不尋常的。歷任的政府已經意識到透過在國際體壇上的成功來提升國家形象的潛力，特別是當台灣與中華人民共和國之間的政治矛盾而造成其他這樣的途徑一部分被封鎖。在此背景中，跆拳道是少數能穩定地為台灣在國際體壇上獲得傑出運動表現的項目之一。因此，附加在成功競技運動上的政治價值讓台灣跆拳道的菁英運動發展政策令人產生興趣。研究的主要目的是分析台灣菁英層級的跆拳道發展政策，並專注於探討中華民國跆拳道協會與政府之間的關係以及幾項關鍵的菁英運動發展領域。研究方法: 本研究採用質性研究的方法，利用文件分析與一系列的半結構式訪談，包括九位政府官員、兩位立法委員、三位利益團體的職員、兩位運動記者、兩位國家跆拳道教練和兩位運動領域之學者，並立基於政策倡導聯盟架構的數據分析來探討台灣菁英層級的跆拳道運動發展的政策。研究結果: 此研究不僅描繪了中華民國跆拳道協會與其他組織的關係，包括政府相關的體育機關以及其他的民間體育團體，也分析了在五個不同領域的跆拳道發展: (一) 菁英運動設施的發展、(二) 運動人才的發掘與發展系統、(三) 提供給菁英運動員國內與國際運動競賽的機會、(四) 運動教練的發展系統、運動教練與運動科學的提供、(五) 全職運動員的浮現。結論: 此研究審視了台灣菁英層級的跆拳道發展政策。透過政策倡導聯盟架構，研究呈現出跆拳道協會擁有哪些資源和採用哪些策略去傳遞它的信仰系統給政府，以及什麼樣的外在因素影響了跆拳道運動政策的制定過程。在某些觀點上，在菁英層級的跆拳道發展政策是可以和其他運動的發展政策來做比較的。不過此研究強調了跆拳道政策制定的具體性以及與其他運動的重複性。針對全部運動的菁英發展政策來做比較的研究是有相當價值的。然而可以認為的是，當首次透過不同的概念工具，例如政策倡導聯盟架構，對個別單項運動的菁英發展政策進行詳細的研究時是最有價值的。

Introduction: The relationship between sport and politics in Taiwan is unusual, if not unique. Successive governments have recognized the potential of international sporting success to enhance the country’s global image not least because other such avenues are partially closed as a consequence of the troubled diplomatic relations between Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Within this context, taekwondo is one of few sports in which Taiwan consistently achieves remarkable performances on the international stage. Therefore, it is the political value attached to sporting success that makes taekwondo development strategies in Taiwan of considerable interest. The main aim of this study is to analyze the policy (or policies) used to produce elite taekwondo performers in Taiwan by focusing on the relationships between the national governing body (NGB) – the Chinese Taipei Taekwondo Association (CTTA) – and the government, and on key areas of elite sports development. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach, drawing upon documentary materials and a series of semi-structured interviews with 9 governmental officials, 2 legislators, 3 members of staff from interest groups, 2 sports journalists, 2 sports academics and 2 national taekwondo coaches and with data analysis based on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), this study explores the policy for developing elite taekwondo competitors in Taiwan. Results: This study illustrated the relationships between the CTTA and other organizations, including governmental agencies and NGBs as well as located the elite development of taekwondo in five separate domains including (a) the development of elite level facilities, (b) the identification of sporting talent and the development system, (c) the provision of domestic and international competition opportunities for elite athletes, (d) the development system for coaches, the provision of coaches and of sports sciences, and (e) the emergence of full-time athletes. Conclusion: The policy of developing taekwondo at the elite level in Taiwan has been examined in this study. By adopting the ACF, what resources and strategies the CTTA possesses and adopts to deliver its belief system to government and what external factors influence the taekwondo policy-making process have been presented within the discussion. In certain respects, the policy approach taken towards elite development of taekwondo is comparable to that adopted for other sports in Taiwan. However, this study has highlighted the specificities of taekwondo policy-making as well as areas of overlap. Studies that compare elite sport development across the whole range of sports are certainly of value. However, it is argued that they are at their most valuable when detailed studies of individual sports have first been undertaken, informed by various conceptual tools, amongst them the ACF.