一九四八年的爭論與胡適對蘇聯的認識過程

The 1948 Debate and Hu Shi's Understanding the Soviet Union

一九四九年，正當國共兩黨在大陸上進行最後決戰的時候，學術界爆發了一場「如何看待國際形勢，如何對待蘇聯」的爭論。胡適認為，第二次世界大戰以後，蘇聯已經成為一支「很可怕的侵略勢力」。他的這一判斷，一方面與當時蘇聯的所作所為有關，另一方面則來自個人的說身經歷。事實上，早在一九二五年徐志摩與張奚若在《晨報副刊》發動「蘇俄問題大討論」的時候，胡適對蘇聯還是充滿理解與同情。但是隨著時間的推移和認識的深入，他發現這個極權制度不僅束縛了社會經濟的發展，壓制了自由民主的追求，還把國際政治納入史達林的策略之下，從而影響了中國的現代化進程。

When the Chinese Civil War was entering its final phase in 1948, a controversy over ”how to realize international situations and how to treat the Soviet Union” was aroused among the Chinese intelligentsia. After World War Two, Hu Shi (Hu Shih) believed, the Soviet Union had turned out to be a ”horrible, invasive force.” This judgment of his was based on the soviet moves on the one hand and on his personal experiences on the other. In fact, as early as 1925 when Xu Zhi-mo (Hsu Chih-mo) and Zhang Xi-ruo (Chang Hsi-jo) published ”A Great Debate on the Soviet Issue” in the Chen Baa Fu Katz (晨報副刊), Hu Shi was still in frill sympathy with the Soviet Union. With the passage of time and the deepening of his understanding, however, Hu became aware that the Soviet totalitarian system not only stifled the development of social economy and oppressed the pursuit of democratic freedom, but also placed international polities under Stalins strategy, hence, hampering Chinas modernizing progress.