中國大陸碳排放交易法律制度的概況、主要不足與改革建議

In the General Situations, Main Deficiencies and Reform Suggestions of Carbon Emission Trading Legal System in Mainland China

自2013年開始，中國大陸在廣東、北京等七省市啟動了碳排放交易的試點工作。目前各試點地方都建立了內容比較完備的碳排放交易法律體系，同時中央層面的立法也初具雛形。不過，中國大陸的碳排放交易法律制度在立法形式與內容上均存在一定的不足，主要表現為：在立法形式上，只有政府規章與地方性法規兩種法律檔，立法層級較低，導致政府管理的許可權不足；在立法內容上，排放配額的私權屬性未得到充分的保障，排放配額的分配方式存在不統一性，處罰措施缺乏足夠的力度。為此，中國大陸應提高立法層級，由國務院制定《全國碳排放權交易管理條例》，並為企業參與碳排放交易建立行政許可制度，彰顯碳排放配額的私權屬性，建立統一的碳排放配額免費分配方式，同時加大對違規企業的處罰力度。

Since 2013, seven provinces/cities (Guangdong, Beijing, etc) had launched regional emission trading pilot system in Mainland China. Up to now pilot regions had established relatively complete legal system for carbon emission trading and central government also had its embryonic form of legislation. However, there are several deficiencies for the form and content of legislation of carbon emission trading in Mainland China. They can be described as follows: in terms of the form of legislation, there are only government regulations and local legislations which has low legislative authority and make governments uneasy to regulate; in terms of the content of legislations, the private rights of emission allowance has not been sufficiently safeguarded, the emission allowances are not distributed consistently and wrong doings are not penalized rigorously. Consequently, in order to enhance the legislative authority, the State Council of Mainland China should adopt the Regulation for the Management of National Carbon Emission Trading, formulate the administrative licensing rules for enterprises’ participation into carbon emission trading, highlight the private rights of emission allowance, build the consistent allocation methods for free emission allowances and strengthen the penalties for irregularities.