環境風險與環境刑法之保護法益

Environmental Risks and the Legal Interest of the Environmental Criminal Act

現代社會的高度工業化引發各種潛在的環境風險，並且威脅著人類的基本生存條件。而以刑法作為抗制環境風險的手段，已是當代刑事政策上無法迴避的議題。我國與環境保護有關的刑法規定散落在個別的環境行政法中。對照德國法制的發展結果，在我國刑法典內建構一套具整合性的環境刑法，實屬必要。一方面，可精準掌握刑法於環境保護應有的功能與界限；另一方面，避免行政法與刑法兩者之規範目的糾結不清。為此，本文嘗試結合社會學領域的風險社會與第二現代等理論，分析環境風險於刑事政策上的意義，進而否定了刑法作為純粹的風險抗制手段。又關於刑法抗制環境風險的議題，「法益」實屬環境刑法最為核心的正當化基礎。本文認為環境刑法的保護法益應確立在以個人自由為基礎的關係狀態。任何污染行為的刑事不法性乃是基於對不特定人之法主體地位的否認，至於具體的立法技術及法解釋方法則是，不法要件的設定須反應出環境刑法之保護法益與個人法益之間的溯源關係。

Highly industrialized developments increase various kinds of en-vironmental tasks and threaten the fundamental surviving criteria of people. Applying criminal laws to defense current environmental risks is an unavoidable issue in Criminal Acts nowadays. The laws in Tai-wan spread out in different environmental administrative law; refer-ring to the development of the legal system and institution in Germany, to infrastructure an integrated environmental criminal law within cur-rent Criminal Acts in Taiwan is necessary. In one hand, we may be able to limit and scope the protection of environments in criminal laws specifically; on the other hand, the obscure of the purpose of regulat-ing administrative laws and criminal laws may be avoided. Thus, this article combines social study and the second modernity theories to an-alyze the meaning of criminal laws policy on environmental tasks and negate the perspective of making criminal laws only for resisting risks. Generally speaking, the issue of environmental risks, “legal interests” shall be the key of justifying the Environmental Criminal Act. In this article, the protection of legal interest in Environmental Criminal Act is deemed to assure the basis of one’s freedom; any kind of acts in pol-lution are considered as a reject of the legal status to unspecific people. In order to the legislation, the actus reus must reflect certain sources of relationship between the protecting legal interest of the Environmental Criminal Act and the legal interests of individuals.