美國法對網路匿名表意者的身分揭露程序

The Procedures for Disclosing the Identity of Anonymous Speakers in the United States

通訊保障及監察法於2014年1月29日修正後，目前，在網路上的不法匿名行為，必須涉及最重本刑3年以上有期徒刑之罪，檢警方能向法院聲請調閱通訊紀錄，調查匿名發言者的身分。導致許多網路匿名霸凌行為人，得以免於追訴及處罰，讓言論自由和責任間失去平衡，衍生出不當的網路言論文化。
爰此，本文介紹、整理並分析最早開始打造網路系統的美國，為了處理不同類型的網路匿名言論問題所制定的有線電視隱私法、電子通訊隱私法、各地法院所自行發展出是否揭露身分的權衡基準，以及反妨礙公眾參與策略性訴訟法等重要法律或相關案例，提供我國立法者未來規劃管制網路言論匿名政策之參考。

According to the latest amendment of the Communication Security and Surveillance Act on January 29th, 2014, currently, if the police and prosecutors want to investigate the identity of a person who commits an unlawful act anonymously on the Internet, the offence committed must be one that is punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than 3 years. In this case, the police and prosecutors can file with the court for an access warrant to review the communications records and information of the anonymous user. This results in many people who cyber-bully others online not be prosecuted and punished, which dis-equilibrates the balance between freedom and accountability of speech, and breeds inadequate and unhealthy online speech cultures.
In light of the foregoing, this essay introduces, organizes and analyzes what the United States of America, the first country to build the Internet, has developed to deal with various types of online anonymous speech issues, such as the Cable TV Privacy Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the precedents and criteria developed by United States state courts and federal courts to determine whether disclosing the identity of anonymous online speakers is appropriate or not, and the Anti-SLAPP Law, for the reference of the legislators of Taiwan when establishing policies about how to regulate online anonymous speech in the future.