帶有複句結構之副詞的幾個特徵──以「せっかく」與「ただでさえ」為例

Japanese Adverbs that Occur Only in Complex Sentences: Comparing“Sekkaku''and“Tadadesae''

「せっかく」與「ただでさえ」兩個副詞的語意雖迥然不同，但我們可以從兩者的構式裡觀察到下列幾個共通特徵。1.兩者都必須帶有複句結構，並且與一些出現在從屬子句句末的接續助詞如「のに」、「（の）だから」有強烈的共現關係。2.兩者都與事態（命題P）的「既定性」（Settledness）有深切的關聯，所以與「假定性」互不相容。也因此兩者都無法出現在假定條件句（「たら」、「ば」、「と」節）裡。（至於「せっかく」可以出現在既定條件句（「なら」節）裡。）3.上述的複句結構有時會以單句的形式出現，乍看之下雖看似單句，但實際上都是從複句結構壓縮而來。而這些單句不僅皆必須搭配上下文，以維持完整前後語意關係，並且也必須是可以還原成複句結構的。本文透過文獻回顧，整理、對比兩個副詞特徵裡的共通點（以及共通點裡的細微差異），盼可作為今後選定、分析其他帶有相同特徵的副詞時的一種參考。

This paper investigates some syntactic and semantic similarities and differences between“sekkaku'' and“tadadesae''. The conclusions drawn are as follows. a. Both of them should be used in complex sentence structures. They are also in a strong co-occurrence relationship with some conjunctions such as“noni'',“(no) dakara'' that show in the end of the subordinate clauses. b. They require“accomplished states''-''settledness'', therefore, they cannot occur in subjunctive or conditional clauses such as“tara'' clause,“ba'' clause, and“to'' clause. Besides“nara'' clause.c. The complex sentence structures with these adverbs can reduce to independent clauses or incomplete sentences without inducing any change in their meaning.