徒然草第九十三段「かたはらなる者」之考察

A Study on ''Kataharanarumono'' in Section 93 of Turezuregusa

徒然草第九十三段是以日本中世期常見的牛隻交易為例，藉問答形式來闡述人世無常的道理。聽了交易尚未完成，牛卻在買賣過程中先行死亡的故事後，「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」發表了「牛的主人或有損失，卻得了大利」；「人若憎惡死亡，則應熱愛生命。怎可不每日愉快地享受人生呢？」等言論，表明了其個人對生死問題的見解，卻遭到周圍其他人再三的嘲笑。第九十三段中雖無載明「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」是何許人也，然江戸時代的徒然草古注釈書『諺解』即注明「兼好也」，『文段抄』亦認為「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」所言內容乃兼好自身之評。近代學者也普遍認為「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」即為兼好本身，或認可「旁人或路人（「かたはらなる」者）乃傳達、代辯兼好思想者也。然而，也有學者提出反論，認為九十三段的故事應是兼好在市場上聽聞眾人的對話與辯論後，新撰寫而成的。「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」是何許人也的問題，實乃闡明九十三段的執筆意図、創作背景等之重要關鍵，但至今尚未見相關詳盡探討，以致學者間的意見亦有所分歧。本論以先行研究為基礎，從思想內容與言語表現兩方面來進行考察，重新檢視「旁人或路人（かたはらなる者）」即兼好本人的可能性，並試論徒然草第九十三段的執筆意図與創作背景。

In section 93 of Turezuregusa, cattle trade, which was quite common in Medieval Japan, is used as an example to elaborate the idea of impermanence by applying Q & A format. After listening to the story that the cattle had been dead before the transact ion were completed, “Kataharanarumono'' gave several speeches, such as “the owner of those cattles got great profits despite of loss,'' “if people hate death, they should love life. Why not enjoy life happily every day?'' In this way, he showed personal viewpoint of life, but then was teased by other people again and again. Although there is no evidence showing who “Kataharanarumono'' is in sect ion 93, it is indicated that this person is Kenkou himself in Ennkai, the old annotation book of Turezuregusa in Edo period. Also, in Monndannsyou, what “Kataharanarumono'' said is considered to be Kenkou's own comments. Most modern scholars believe that “Kataharanarumono'' is Kenkou himself, or recognize that “Kataharanarumono'' is the one who acts as a spokesman and conveys Kenkou's thoughts. However, some scholars propose a counter theory that the story of section 93 is probably rewritten by Kenkou after listening to people's dialogues and debates in the market. The identity of “Kataharanarumono'' is an important key to clarify the intent ion and background of writing section 93. However, to this day, there are few discussions related can be found, and this leads to the disagreement between scholars. This research is aimed to study from two aspects of ideological content as well as language performance, review the possibility that “Kataharanarumono'' is Kenkou himself, and to discuss the intent ion and background of writing section 93 of Turezuregusa.