漢代新儒學董仲舒哲學之研究

Research on the Philosophy of the Han-dynasty Neo-Confucian Dong Zhongshu

本文透過《史記》、《漢書》及《後漢書》之正史記載，證明董仲舒學思對兩漢的影響頗大。其次，透過後人對之評價，對其博學及人格皆予以崇高的肯定，但除兩漢時期外學者對其立論疵議甚多，此實充滿了某種詭異之處。合理解釋是，董仲舒開啟的一個「新」內蘊的儒學，此不完全同於先秦儒學。考董仲舒學思，其吸納諸子百家之說但歸宗於儒學；融通五經而藉公羊大義闡述義理，開啟經學時代的序幕；提出予後世遵循的三綱五常、天命改制等理論，不但使儒學成為穩定廣大社會秩序之基石，更為儒學與政治創造出密不可分的聯繫。因此，董仲舒的儒學體系可稱為漢代新儒學，其面對新局將儒學作了某種轉化工作，足以作為當今興復儒學的一個借鏡。全文區分三部分論述：一闡述董仲舒學思的影響，二陳論後人對董仲舒學思的評價，三探究董仲舒新儒學的內蘊為何，最後作一結論。

This paper shows the great influence of the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu on Han-times thought by analyzing the historical records in the "Records of the Grand Historian", the "History of Han" and the "History of the later Han". Furthermore the view on Dong Zhongshu of later scholars will be discussed. Here there are two different trends: On the one hand his broad knowledge and his personal integrity is praised, but apart from Han-time scholars his philosophy is strongly criticized. There is an explanation for these divergent views: Drawing on his knowledge of the classics Dong Zhongshu introduced some new ideas taken from other schools into Confucian thought such as the notion of the "three principles and five rules". He thus broadened the basis of Confucian thought and brought about a strengthened the link between Confucianism and politics. This new perspective is a valuable sources for contemporary attempts to revitalize Confucianism in a modern society. The paper consists of three parts: First the influence of the thought of Dong Zhongshu is described, second the views of later scholars on this philosophy are discussed and third the newness in Dong Zhongshu's thought in comparison to earlier versions of Confucianism is analyzed.