牛島春子作品裡的滿州國勞動者－從 「張鳳山」和 「苦力」來看

Laborers of Manchukuo in ''Cyou Hou-san'' and ''Coolies'' by Haruko Ushijima

〈張鳳山〉發表於《文學界》八卷四號（一九四一年四月），是牛島春子〈滿系〉作品之一。主人翁張鳳山從滿洲國公務員體系的警手，降為參事官（相當於副縣長的職位）家中的使用人，與參事官的夫人行成主僕之關係，也成為在滿洲國社會的底層工作的勞動者之一。牛島描寫同樣在底層工作的人物尚有苦力這個角色。〈苦力〉發表於《滿洲行政》四卷一Ｏ號（一九三七年一Ｏ月），以苦力的監工野村為敘述者，敘述與怠情、反抗、非得用暴力無法駕駁的苦力，如何經過溫情主義、暴力的鞭打與學習滿洲語言等過程，獲得苦力的信賴與友情，並因此而提高了工作效率的故事。牛島春子透過當差與苦力如何描寫滿人的庶民生活？其中，滿人與日本人又如何觀察對方？透過牛島的小說如何將滿洲國的勞動者的表像描述出來？探討以上的問題乃是執筆的目的。

'Cho Hou-san,'' published in Bungakukai (Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1941), is one of the stories of the Manchu series written by Haruko Ushijima. Cho Hou-san, the title character of the story, is demoted to a servant of the counsellor (roughly the position of a deputy commissioner today) from his original position as an attendant in the civil servant system of Manchukuo. As a servant, he needs to serve the wife of the counselor and becomes a laborer at the bottom of the Manchukuo society. Moreover, in another story Ushijima describes the role of ''coolies'' who also work as laborers at the bottom of the society. ''Coolies'' was published in Manchu Gyousei (Oct. 1937). It describes how Katsuya, a supervisor of coolies, earns their trust and friendship, who are thought to be lazy, rebellious, and only yield to violence, with undue leniency, brutal flogging, and by learning the Manchurian language. He thus inadvertently promotes the work efficiency of those coolies. How does Haruko Ushijima describe the life of the common Manchurians through servants and coolies? What kind of interaction can be found between Manchurians and Japanese? How does Haruko Ushijima present the image of the laborers of Manchukuo? These are the issues explored in this essay.