「トキハ」之相關探討－從時間表示機能到條件表現機能

A Study of ''tokiwa'': Meaning Changes from Time Expression to Condition Expression

「トキ」為表示時間的形式名詞，因此其後可接「ニ」、「ハ」等助詞。本稿以接在「トキ」之後的助詞為線索，通過和後接格助詞「ニ」的「トキニ」之比較，探討「トキハ」如何從時間表現機能轉移到條件表現機能。本稿主要得到以下結果：副助詞「ハ」具有表示主題和對比的機能，此二機能對「トキハ」的作用有相當程度的影響，使「トキハ」的機能不僅只是表示主句事態發生的時間。當主句是可在時間軸上定位，並特定其發生時間的事態時，「トキハ」除表示主句事態的發生時間之外，同時也帶有表示主題的作用。另一方面，當主句是較難於時間軸上特定發生時間的事態時，「トキハ」表示時間的機能會減弱，然而相對地其表示主題和對比的作用會增強，即「トキハ」表示主題和對比的機能大於時間表示機能。「トキハ」的此種特性使其可以使用在無法於時間軸上特定發生時間的超時或是非現實事態，使用於該類事態的「トキハ」大多數符合條件表現的定義。此現象意味著原為時間表示機能的「トキハ」有轉移到條件表現的「一般條件」和「假定條件」的用法。

This paper probes into the changes in meaning of ''tokiwa'' from time to condition. The research starts with investigating postpositional particles which come after ''toki''. By comparing the meaning ''tokiwa'' with that of ''tokini'', it tries to find out the reason of meaning change in ''tokiwa''. The postpositional particle ''wa'' is mainly used to indicate themes of sentences or show contrasts of two themes. These two functions show their influences on ''tokiwa'', and therefore, make ''tokiwa''’s functions not limited to indicating the time of events in main sentences. By expression of the themes and contrast, through binding particle ''wa'', ''tokiwa'' means that on a timeline, it expresses time upon specific time of the following situation, and it can also express the themes. As ''tokiwa'' is not positioned on a timeline, it expresses the themes and contrast instead of time. In comparison to time expression, ''tokiwa'' more significantly expresses the themes and contrast, and thus, it can demonstrate unreal situations which cannot be positioned on timeline. Thus, we can observe examples similar to definition of condition expression and ''general usage'' and ''subjunctive usage'' of condition expression.