中文摘要 |
日常生活中的會話場面主要是透過言語來進行溝通,因此,過往談話研究及會話分析等相關研究都以言語要素為主要研究對象。但是,如涉谷(2003:243-244)等指出,言語行動的構成要素中也含有非言語要素。要了解參與會話者之間的溝通行為,除言語要素外,另須分析非言語要素。非言語要素有動作、表情、聲音等諸多可能,這些要素結合說話內容的言語要素,共同形成溝通行為。本研究分析與說話內容的關係,探討非言語要素的類型,釐清非言語要素在溝通現場中的機能。調查結果,得到主要結論如下: a.腳本中的非言語要素可分為六類。b.從意思溝通的觀點來看,可分為必須或任意兩類。c.從相互作用的觀點來看,可分為原因或結果兩類。d.「視線」可用於提出話題,但源自「視線」的發話內容會產生曖昧造成誤解。e.「沉默」將肯否定的判斷交給對方,有可能被解讀為肯定或否定。上述前三點結論屬於非言語要素的整體觀點,後兩點則為個別性的話題,每種要素都在溝通現場與言語相互作用,扮演與言語類似的功能。 Most daily conversations are based on communications through a spoken language. Thus, the main subjects of the previous studies related to discourse researches and conversation analyses are usually verbal elements. However, as Shibuya (2003:243-244) suggested, the constitutive elements of verbal behaviors include also nonverbal elements. To learn more about the communications between the conversation participants, it is essential to analyze nonverbal elements beside verbal elements. This study aimed to analyze nonverbal elements’relationships with the content of conversation, explore the types of nonverbal elements, and clarify the functions of nonverbal elements in communications. The conclusions based on the research findings are summarized below: a. There are six types of nonverbal elements in scripts. b. From the perspective of idea communication, they can be categorized into necessary elements and arbitrary ones. c. From the perspective of interaction, they can be categorized into reason elements and result ones. d. Conversation content based on“visions”may result in ambiguity, leading to misunderstanding. e.“Silence”could be interpreted as affirmative or denial. |