1990年代以來日本重新調整危機事件處理機制之分析

The Analysis and Evolution of Japanese Crisis Management System after 1990s

日本憲法沒有國家緊急命令權的制度，如果國家面臨重大緊急災難時，依照「災害對策基本法」第八章的規定，內閣總理大臣經內閣決議後得對災害發生相關地區之全部及一部，宣布災害緊急事態，宣布後20天內向國會提出要求同意，如國會休會或解散時，得於下次第一次集會時徵求同意，國會如不同意，該緊急事態之宣布即予廢止。日本災害對策基本法的規定顯示日本受到和平憲法條款的限制以及美日安保條約的約束下，日本的危機管理機制是相當不正常的。冷戰後日本先後經歷阪神大地震、北韓飛彈危機與核武危機等事件後，日本政府逐步調整危機事件的處理機制，一方面確定首相作為最高指揮官，另一方面也確定相關的協調與聯絡，以及中央政府與地方政府之間的分工體制。

In the last decade of twentieth century, Japan confronted a series of crises that tested the responses capabilities of the government. The mismanagement of these various events has resulted in a growing consensus. As Japan's goals have become more diverse, and both internal and external circumstances have been seen increasingly radical changes, it has become imperative to establish a system to strengthen the political leadership of the Prime Minister so that timely decisions can be made with strategic and comprehensive emergency.