從「禁錮」到「一尊」－－看朱學在宋、元時期的發展

The Development of Zhu Xi School from 'Confinement' to 'Orthodox' during the Song and Yuan Dynasties

中國儒學的發展，繼漢、唐極盡訓詁之能事以後，兩宋儒者以獨抒義理的方式，重新詮釋傳統經籍，開啟了「新儒學」的嶄新面貌，使中國儒學的發展攀向另一個高峰。而兩宋諸儒中，又以南宋朱熹，以其「致廣大，盡精微，綜羅百代」之學養，集宋學之大成。然而，朱學在發展及流傳的過程中，卻幾經波折，尤以南宋寧宗朝開始至元代，有最明顯的對比趨勢。南宋寧宗前期，朱熹與朱學備受打壓，甚至蒙受「逆黨」、「偽學」之歷史污名；寧宗嘉定以後，朱熹本身與其學術雖獲得平反，所著《四書》集註也曾立於學官，但朝廷卻未真正推崇而廣傳其學，因此，終宋之世，朱學始終未能得到統治政權的真正肯定與推行。反之，朱學這種來自漢族文明的知識和思想，卻在南宋亡朝後，異族入主中原的元代，大放異彩，充分受到統治政權的認可，並成為朝野共尊的官學。細勘朱學由宋至元的演變過程，實耐人尋思與探究。故本文以南宋至元作為觀察對象，將詳細探討朱學在南宋各朝發展的態勢；也嘗試從多元面向，探討入元以後，朱學之所以盛行的原因與概況。

After the culmination of exegetical studies of Confucianism during the Han and Tang Dynasties, Chinese scholars of both Northern and Southern Song Dynasties reinterpreted the traditional classics and initiated the 'New Confucianism' - a new prospect of the rationalistic Confucian philosophical school that helped Chinese Confucianism to reach another peak. Among the scholars was Zhu Xi, a Confucian scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty whose studies of traditional classics were so extensive and intensive that a school was created for him. The development of Zhu Xi School had ups and downs, particularly during the Ning Zong period of the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. The Zhu Xi School was initially suppressed, framed for 'pseudo-learning' and even marked as a 'traitor party.' Although Zhu Xi's reputation recovered and his book 'The Four Books' with Annotations was recognized by officials, the Zhu Xi School failed to get real recognition and implementation by the ruling regime at that time. On the other hand, after the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's academic achievements were fully recognized by the Mongolian ruling regime of the Yuan Dynasty, gaining the greatest respect from the court and school officials. This paper presents a detailed study of the dominant trends in Zhu Xi School's development from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, focusing on the various major contributing factors behind the change in the school's reputation, especially during the Yuan Dynasty.