正言若反──《何典》典故辯證中對文人入世之諍言考論

Paradox Reasoning: Forthright Admonition on Scholars' Engagement into the Secular World in the Allusion Dialectics of "Hedian"

《何典》是一部專寫鬼世界的章回小說，成書於清代乾、嘉年間，在通俗小說的發展史上有相當地位。作者張南莊採取以鬼喻人的手法揭露人間醜態，展現強烈的諷刺色彩，同時利用故事情節的構設和語言藝術的特色，扣合書名「何典」的命意，回應小說書寫「何必用典」的議題。再者，《何典》透過對經籍典故、用字遣詞習慣的顛覆，揭示科舉研讀雖不一定與文學創作相關，但當入仕之途不得所願時，同樣能透過書寫實踐淑世理想。此外，張南莊還將方言俚語和汙言穢語融入創作，重新定義典故的內涵，也因為能讓讀者有陌生、新奇感受，致令粗鄙情節變得詼諧生動，營造出俗中帶雅、化鄙為俗的特色。這不僅拉近了《何典》與社會大眾的距離，也讓小說實踐道德教化功能得有效發揮，在清代鬼怪小說中更是別創一格，具有相當的時代特性及價值意義。

"Hedian", a Chinese classical novel specific in ghost world, was published during the reigns of Qianlong and Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty and placed a crucial role in the development of popular fiction. The author Zhang Nan Zhuang compared ghosts to human being to disclose human disgraceful manners, showing strong sarcastic style. By using the construction of story plots and the characteristics of language arts, he accurately grasped the theme of the name of "Hedian" to respond to the issue of "no need to use allusion" in novel writing. In addition, by subverting the conventional use of allusion and wording,"Hedian " revealed that although imperial examination studies was not necessarily correlated with literature creation, people could still practice meliorism through writing when their official career did not go smoothly. Moreover, Zhang Nan Zhuang integrated dialect slang and filthy speech into his creation, which redefined the implication of allusion. It caused the readers to have unfamiliar and novel feelings, and the vulgar plots became humorous and vivid. The characteristics of being ordinary as well as elegant and turning vulgar into ordinary were built. This not only enabled "Hedian" to bond closer to the public, but also made the fiction effectively develop its function of promoting moral enlightenment. Among the ghost novels in Qing Dynasty, it was quite unique and presented the epochal character and valuable meaning.