言論禁錮與天寶文學──以李林甫專擅時期為中心

Literature and Impeding Speech in the Tianbao Era: Linfu Li's Period of Influence

言論禁錮與天寶時期的文學書寫及其生成、演變存在密切連動關係。以李林甫為代表的權相政治通過控制奏事、言諫、獻納、制舉、投匭等渠道以宰制言路，摧毀了太宗、玄宗開元以來建立的諫諍制度，並長久地影響著安史之亂後唐朝中央的制度重建。言路的閉合刺激了處於權力中心外圍的中下層文士自下而上的「采詩」方案提出，並直接導致以諫言和諫文為表現形式的諫諍文學的衰亡和開天之際及安史之亂前後以杜甫為代表的「貞觀書寫」的勃現。貞觀書寫寄寓著士人對於朝廷重建言路的期冀和規諫，同時對於經亂士人而言還具有追緬盛世、撫平當下傷口的慰藉的功能。李林甫通過「天子家事」、「妖言」等話語構建及尉遲匡、王琚、李適之、崔成甫等文字犯禁事件製造言論高壓，成為諷喻傳統得以在天寶時期復甦的直接原因。高壓下的天寶諷喻書寫圍繞著幾個特定主題或敏感事件形成了幾組小高潮，並統一了避禍與懲惡的雙重訴求，假託則成為實現這一訴求的重要機制。然言論高壓同時又深度抑制著諷喻書寫的發展，成為其無法突圍以達到更高成就的內在根源。言論禁錮下的天寶文學展示出豐富的文學史意義，表徵著盛唐氣象從興起到被壓抑和變異的過程，預示著盛中唐之際文學轉型的開始。

Impeding speech, as a special political phenomenon during Li Linfu's 李林甫 (683-753) period of influence, had a profound influence on literature in the Tianbao 天寶 era (742-756). Under a new framework, namely the relationship between speech and literature, this paper discusses the displays of impeding speech during this period and their close link with the production and evolution of literature. It is believed that Li Linfu dismantled the remonstrance system, which had been established during the early Kaiyuan 開元 era (742-756), by controlling the ''avenues of remonstrance'' 言路, such as proposals and memorials to the throne, remonstrations, tributes, and appeals, and influenced the reconstruction of central systems of the Tang Dynasty following the An-Shi Rebellion. This closure of channels of communication stimulated a proposal of ''collecting poetry'' from bottom to top, represented by Yuan Jie 元結 (723-772), and directly led to the decline of remonstrant literature and the emergence of ''Zhenguan writing'' 貞觀書寫 prior to and following the rebellion, exemplified by Du Fu 杜甫 (712-770). Zhenguan writing embodied the remonstrations of literati concerning their desire to reconstruct the avenues of communication within the court, and simultaneously functioned to remember previous prosperity and to calm the wounds of the time. By the means of discursive constructions such as ''family matters of the son of Heaven'' 天子家事 and ''heresy'' 妖言 as well as cases surrounding the prohibited speech of Yuchi Kuang 尉遲匡, Wang Ju 王琚, Li Shizhi 李適之, and Cui Chengfu 崔成甫, the impeding of speech enacted by Li Linfu created an environment where speech was under constant scrutiny and high pressure, which became the direct reason for the recovery of satirical tradition during the Tianbao era. Allegorical and satirical writing under this pressure formed several groups becoming small trends that pertainied to several specific themes or sensitive events, as well as bringing together the dual demands of avoiding misfortune and punishing evil, which relied on hypocrisy as an important mechanism to be realized. At the same time, however, speech under the weight of this pressure deeply restricted the development of allegorical and satirical writing, becoming the reason for its inability to both break through and achieve any higher successes.