論《文心雕龍》的道─聖─經之思想架構的觀念來源

On the Source of the Tao-Sheng-Jing Structure in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons文心雕龍

由〈原道〉、〈徵聖〉、〈宗經〉三篇所構成的道－聖－經之主體架構，建立了貫通《文心》全書的原道論、徵聖論、宗經論三大原則。此一結構雖然採用了儒學「重道」、「徵聖」、「宗經」的傳統觀念，劉勰也清楚表述來源為儒家，但此諸觀念與儒家傳統觀念之間存在著顯著而重大的差異，如天從道出異於自道從天出、聖人道同異於聖有高下、道藉人弘異於人能弘道、孔子獨尊異於夫子繼聖、從五經出二十種文、出一切文異於文體順時應俗而生……等等。而其與佛教緣起自然之道、佛佛道同、如來獨尊、從十二部出一切經等重要觀念之間的密切連繫，說明道－聖－經之思想架構，大量借鑑了佛教在論證三寶之神聖性時的思路和方法，並且藉助佛教法身、應化身的觀念，重構了儒家天（道）－聖－經的結構形式，從而形成了貌似儒學本有的道－聖－經之主體架構。劉勰借鑑佛教三寶觀念建立道－聖－經結構的目的，是為了給文學建立歸依之處。道教借鑑佛教三寶概念的方式，可以為此借鑑路徑的客觀存在提供一個旁證。

Based on the main structure of Tao-Sheng-Jing 道－聖－經 within the three chapters ''Yuan dao'' 原道, ''Zheng sheng'' 徵聖, and ''Zong jing'' 宗經 in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 文心雕龍, the three principles-which correspond to these chapter titles-of valuing Tao, referring to the Saints, and being conscious of the Classics, or taking them as a model, have been established. Although this structure adopted these three traditional Confucian concepts as well as Liu Xie 劉勰 (467-522) clearly expressing they originated in Confucianism, in fact, there are obvious and significant differences between these specific notions and traditional Confucian concepts. For example, Heaven being produced by Tao differs from Tao being produced by Heaven; equality between Saints is different from inequality between Saints; the idea that Tao can realize itself through man is distinct from the view that man can spread Tao; Confucius being the most respected Saint differs from the idea that Confucius inherited from former Saints; and likewise, from the five Classics comes twenty styles is dissimilar to all styles being the needs of the times. These concepts, however, are aslo closely related to the following important Buddhist concepts: the twelve links of dependent origination is the law of nature, the same path followed by each Buddha, Tathagata is the alone-honored one, all Buddhist scriptures are produced by the twelve divisions, and so on. This shows that the ideological structure of the Tao-Sheng-Jing borrows from the Buddhist manner of demonstrating the sacredness of the ''Three Treasures.''