東亞醫藥原典之形成與流傳研究

Research on the Formation and Transportation of Ancient Traditional Medical Literature in East-Asia

中醫是當前存世最悠久之傳統醫學，其內涵源自今本《黃帝內經》與《傷 寒論》。信史迄今中醫藥典籍汗牛充棟，本文攷諸醫史，探討古籍形成與流 通。 中醫藥古籍在漢、唐、宋、明歷經四次大轉折：西漢李柱國（生卒未詳） 校醫經七家二百一十六卷、經方十家二百七十四卷，新莽劉歆（B.C.50-A. D.23）總結今本《內經》、黃帝醫籍，東漢張仲景（150-219）撰《傷寒論》、 盛唐孫思邈（541-682）撰《千金方》，影響東瀛漢醫籍《醫心方》（984） 成書，並對現代中醫臨床規範起劃時代影響，中世同期楊上善（585-670） 編《黃帝內經太素》則為目前可見最古醫典。趙宋皇族好醫，儒醫化一改 原先典籍風貌，太祖編《開寶本草》（973），而後太宗編《太平聖惠方》 （992），仁宗朝成立校正醫書局整理校訂暨刊刻（1096）十一部（涉及醫 經、經方、本草、鍼灸）原典，徽宗主纂《聖濟總錄》（1117），提升《內 經》地位。明末博物學鉅著《本草綱目》（1596）問世後，相關衍作《本草 備要》（1694）、《本草從新》（1757）、《綱目拾遺》（1765）直到廿世 紀末始終是中醫執照考命題來源，此亦為目前醫藥衛生廣告引錄依據。清國 北方《醫宗金鑑》（1742）、南方陳修園（1753-1823）系列著作，總結各 朝醫藥知識，是十八世紀迄今在漢字文化圈流傳最廣的醫籍。廿世紀初，日 本漢洋醫整合書籍，對中醫藥理論之解讀打開新面相；1950 年代起，海峽 兩岸中醫藥院校相繼成立，1980 年代中國大陸中醫藥管理局進行中醫古籍 校注，台灣代表著作有林昭庚主編《中西醫病名對照大辭典》、《新編彩圖 鍼灸學》，以及陳淼和《傷寒論台灣本》等。現代醫學知識載體採期刊為主、傳統醫藥以典籍為中心。古典籍裏所記錄的經驗，對臨床應用有重大啟發。如何將實用性最高的傳統書籍─中醫藥原典─其知識作現代化的闡釋、研究，是當前中醫重要的課題。

Objectives: traditional Chinese medicine is the oldest traditional medicine in the world. Its connotations are derived from the ''Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic'' and ''Shanghan-lun.'' Besides, there are lots of classical literatures about Chinese medicine. This article aims to trace medical history to explore the formation and transportation of ancient books and their influences on medicine. Methods: by using archival research. Results: there are four important time periods in history-Han, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties. ''Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic'' and ''Shanghan-lun'' appeared in Han dynasty. Dr. Sun Simiao (541-682) studied these two canons and then wrote the ''Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies (650)'' in Tang dynasty. After that time, kampo doctor wrote the ''I-Shin-Ho (984)'' in Japan. At song dynasty, there are lots of books containing benciao, decoction, and other pharmacy knowledge. ''Bureau for Revising Medical Books (BRMB)'' also established in Song dynasty. There are 11 medical canons published by BRMB by then; and physicians still read all those canons today. The Compendium of Materia Medica is an important work of Li Shizhen (of the Ming Dynasty), which affects the offspring of herbalism in depth. From 20th century to now, many Chinese medical doctors write the books and read canons as well. Conclusion: Western doctors care about journals while TCM doctors pay much more attentions on literature canon. It is of importance to carefully read medical canons and then utilize for clinical applications.