李賀父諱問題之禮法及流俗考──以韓愈〈諱辯〉及唐代嫌名律為中心

The Etiquette and Rites and the Popularity of the Problem of Taboo in the Name of the Father from Li He: Centered on the “On Taboo” of Han Yu and Rules of Xian Ming in Tang Dynasty

避嫌名即避諱同音或近音字。本文從李賀父諱問題切入，指出唐代避嫌名風俗源自「周人以諱事神亦惡夫音之斥」及《禮記》「聞名心瞿」傳統，字形差異無法解決音韻所產生的情感反應。唐人按禮、律及臨文不諱原則，在不必宣之於口的文書可不避同音字，但對於幾乎無法避免以言語提及的地名、職稱、科名，已普遍避嫌名。唐人甚忌諱官銜、科名犯嫌名，原因是這會導致「吏人不得表其官稱」。面對觸諱應否去職問題，常見方法是臣子因風俗請辭，朝廷視乎情況作決定|未見要求朝廷不避風俗忌諱並堅持就任之例。這是韓愈為李賀父諱問題申辯觸發爭議的根本原因─也反映當經、律無法解決某些問題（如：聞名心瞿）時，唐人如何按風俗的不成文之禮，判定讀書人的道德對錯。

“Xian Ming” means the avoidance of homonyms or near rhyme words. This essay examines the etiquette and rites and the popularity of Xian Ming in Tang Dynasty through the problem of taboo in the name of the father from Li He, which pointed that Xian Ming was originated from people of Zhou, that “names of gods would not be pronounced directly,” and in the Book of Rites, stated the tradition of “the anxiety of hearing the Names.” According to the rites, laws, and the principles of “no taboo when writing” from people of Tang, the avoidance of using words of the same rhyme was not necessary for the text not speaking out. However, Xian Ming was still quite common to those names of places, titles, and Scholarly Honor that were unavoidable in speech. It was such a taboo for the Tang people if Xian Ming existed in their official title and the name of Imperial Examiner, which would be a big problem when they need to address their official names. Facing the questions of whether to dismiss the offended, the common practice would be resigning from the officials regarded as an uphold of custom and conduct and letting the imperial court make the decision. It would be inappropriate to insist not to apply for resignation: this was the fundamental reason that once Li He refuses to avoid his father’s name when participating in the examination of imperial Scholars, and the dispute was triggered when Han Yu argue for Li. This case also showed that when the Laws failed to solve certain problems in the Tang dynasty, such as “the anxiety of hearing the Names,” the Tang people would make the moral judgment of the Literati with “unwritten rituals and customs.”