日本人民參審與刑事司法改革

Citizen Participation In Criminal Trials An Dreformation Of Criminal Justice In Japan

2019 年 7 月，回首日本人民參審司改規劃，其經 2 年多討論折衝、2 年 餘法律整備、5 年宣導演練，「裁判員」制度上路迄今已然 10 年。職業法官 與一般民眾於第一審程序「兩人三腳」，重大犯罪三天審結「攜手合作」， 已是該國司法常規、社會常理以及人民常識。1999 年 7 月，臺灣與日本同一 時期召開全國性司改審議委員會議，審、檢、辯、學及社會顯達熱烈論辯， 就刑事司改達成共識：「以第一審為事實審審判中心，第二審採行事後審， 第三審採行嚴格法律審並採上訴許可制」，20 年光陰倏忽已過、制度上路遙 遙無期。 近年，總統府再次籌設「司法改革國是會議」，強調司改核心在於「人 民的司法」，並以推動「人民參與司法制度」列為首要標竿政策。同時， 「重申」配套政策措施採行「起訴狀一本主義」，強化言詞、直接審理原則落實「堅實第一審」|建立上尖下寬的「金字塔型」訴訟制度，相關法案終得陸續送至立法院審議，台灣停滯不前的重大司改政策或露曙光。「人民參審」、「人民頭家」，二十一世紀東亞國家刑事思潮，我國司改規劃亦與日本、韓國沿革相映成趣，該國人民參審規範運作如何去蕪存菁、適於本土考驗台灣的智慧。2019.08，翻譯人獲日本「國際交流基金會」邀請擔任訪問學者回到母校一橋大學短期研究，承蒙本文作者井上正仁教授的首肯與介紹 ***，允將其回顧該國「裁判員」制度創設、運用沿革文章翻譯中文。台灣、日本啟動司改迄今 20 年，本文或可用供關心刑事審判發展之比較法制參考。

In 2004, Japan enacted a statute (the Saiban-in Act) to introduce a system oflay participation in criminal trials. In the new system, six citizens selected randomly from among the voters in each case would serve as Saiban-in (or layjudges) and, in collaboration with three professional judges, engage themselves in deciding both guilt and sentence in the trials involving capital and other serious offenses. After five years of preparation, the Saiban-in Act came into force on M a y 21, 2009. In the nearly nine years until the end ofMarch 2018, annually 1,000 to 1,500 (a total of 11,045) defendants charged with murder, robbery resultingin bodily injury or some other subject offense were tried by Saiban-in courts at 50 District Courts and 10 of their branches throughout the country. 62,214 citizens already served as Saibanin, and, if add the number of those selected as supplementary Saiban-in, 93, 401 citizens participated in criminal trials. These and other new reforms could certainly have substantial effects on various aspects of Japanese criminal justice. But it will depend much upon the persistent, patient. attentive, sincere and constructive efforts of all the parties involved, as well as lasting public support for them, to what extent and how there forms actually change the conventional structure and improve the total quality of Japanese criminal justice .Masahito Inouye, served as a member of the Justice System Reform Council (1999-2001),a chairperson of the Expert Deliberation Committees on the Saiban-in System and Criminal Justice Reforms and on the Public Criminal Defense System at the Cabinet's Headquarters for the Promotion of Justice System Reform(2002-2004), writed this article that introduce aboutmentioned the evolution and prospects of Japanese Saiban-in (layjudges), is worthy of reference for Taiwan's judicial reform.