在政治壓力的背景下測量懲罰性的態度：以色列的案例

Measuring Punitive Attitudes under Politically Stressful Context: The Israeli Case

本研究目的在探討不同因素對以色列民眾之懲罰性態度的塑造及促成。研究者針對幾個人口和環境變量，例如：性別、宗教信仰、教育程度、政治傾向和受害經驗等，對懲罰性態度的影響進行檢視，且在檢視「歷史」事件對結果可靠性的影響過程中，也涵蓋了有關該國政治氣候的社會壓力。本研究採取隨機抽樣，在兩段不同的時間內（第一波：2008～2009年和第二波：2011年），對471位以色列受訪者的樣本進行了調查。研究發現，人口特徵和社會壓力均與以色列民眾懲罰性態度的體現有關，顯示在以色列社會中，影響公眾對犯罪和刑罰之態度的不同因素。研究者在文末討論研究結果在政策面的意涵並對未來相關研究提出建議。

The purpose of this study is to examine the different factors that shape and facilitate punitive attitudes among Israeli public. Punitive attitudes were examined in respect to several demographic and environmental variables such as gender, religion, level of education, political affiliation and victimization. In addition, social distress in respect to the political climate of the country was taken into consideration to investigate the effect of 'historical' events on the reliability of the results. Using a random selection, a sample of 471 Israeli respondents was analyzed during two different time periods (Wave I: 2008-2009, and Wave II: 2011). Findings indicate that demographic characteristics as well as social distress are related to the manifestation of punitive attitudes among Israelis. Thus the study demonstrates the different factors that affect public attitudes towards crime and punishment in the Israeli context. Results are discussed in regard to policy, and recommendations are made for future studies.