宋恕對佛教的汲取與應用

Song Su's absorption and application of Buddhism

宋恕先後師從孫衣言、俞樾、孫詒讓，又與陳虬相論學，學術大進。歷任水師學堂漢文教師、山東省學務處參事、山東省編譯局編審等。著有《宋恕集》傳世。他曾獨入苾芻蘭若，茹素半載，覽天竺經數十百種，頗解其義。他向以「心、身、古、今、緣、嗜」六字自課，首揭從佛教而來的「心」字，可見其受佛教影響之深。又與夏曾佑、梁啟超、譚嗣同、孫寶瑄、章炳麟等人密切交論佛學。赴日考察期間，與日本佛學者南條文雄交遊。本文梳理其汲取佛教滋養的歷程為四階段：（一）弱冠前因病恒思出世；（二）青年期遊學入寺覽經；（三）而立期交接嗜佛人物；（四）壯年期廣涉佛學著作。青睞佛學的宋恕，從佛教裏汲取了諸多思想養分，並加以應用、體現於自己的論著與實踐中。歸納言之，可有下列六項：一是，以佛教的四諦理論為眾生苦立言；二是，以佛教的五戒律規檢討世俗陋習；三是，以佛教的因果報應勸勉行善去惡；四是，以佛教的經論典要作為教育內容；五是，以佛教的慈悲法理建立友善社會；六是，以佛教的世界意識推衍治平之道。這些觀點在清季是新穎而珍貴的，在今天仍具有參考價值。

Song Shu has been a disciple instructed by those scholars including Sun Yi-yan, Yu Yue and Sun, Yi-rang. In addition, making academic discussions with Chen Qui helped to improve Song's academic abilities. He worked as the Chinese lecturer of the Naval Academy, the counselor of the Shandong Province Student Affairs Section and the editor of Shandong Province Compile Bureau. His well-known work titled as ＂Song Su's Anthology＂ has been handed down for generations. He once stayed at a temple, abstained from meat for half a year, and he also took in the meaning from a great number of the Tianzhu that he read up. He consistently demanded himself to learn based on the six words: mind, body, ancient stages, at present, serendipity and addiction. That ＂mind＂, the word from the Buddhism, prioritized the other words exemplified that he was greatly influenced by the Buddhism. Moreover, Song often debated about Buddhism with these scholars such as Xia Zeng-you, Liang Qi-chao, Tan Si-tong, Sun Bao-xuan and Zhang Bing-lin. During the period of time when he was staying in Japan, he became acquainted with Nanjo Bunyu, a Japanese Buddhist scholar. This article analyzes how Buddhism inspired and affected Song's ideas related to Buddhism as the four stages. At the first stage, Song ever considered to be a monk at about the age of twenty. Second, he temporarily resided in a monastery and read Buddhist scriptures. Third, he started to get imitate with those scholars being fond of Buddhism. At the four stage, he extensively and broadly read about Buddhist writings. Song liked Buddhism and absorbed ideas that were applied to and fulfilled in his work and life. Summarily, in terms of Song's Buddhist thoughts, there are six significant points to note here. First, he voiced for the public through theories of the four Buddhist noble truths. Second, he criticized secular rules and habits by means of five Buddhist precepts. Third, he exhorted people to exercise Buddhism Karma to do good deeds and distance from evil conduct. Fourth, he advocated to apply Buddhist theories to education. Fifth, friendly society could be established based on Buddhist compassionate principles. Sixth, Buddhist universal consciousness enhanced the way of maintaining peace. Song's perspectives are rather updated and precious, and they are worth examining.