到聖經中去找「社會主義」：張仕章的基督教社會主義、福音書詮釋與耶穌形象

In Pursuit of ＂Socialism＂ in the Bible: Hottinger S. C. Chang's Christian Socialism, Interpretation of the Gospels and Images of Jesus

民國基督徒知識分子張仕章被稱為「中國基督教社會主義的代表人物」，而在晚年的時候他曾以「耶穌主義宣傳家」自稱。從1920年代以來，張仕章一直相信自己所主張的耶穌主義就是社會主義或基督教社會主義。本文旨在探討張仕章如何藉著重新詮釋福音書，塑造社會主義者耶穌的形象，來調和基督教與社會主義的關係。首先，本文梳理張仕章對耶穌主義、社會主義以及其他相關概念的使用。其次，我們討論張仕章如何從耶穌與無產階級的關係、耶穌的資本主義批判以及耶穌的帝國主義批判三個方面來嘗試論證基督教社會主義的正當性。最後，本文聚焦於武力革命與階級鬥爭的議題，探討張仕章的福音書詮釋和耶穌形象如何因應歷史處境而變化。最終，張仕章提倡的「社會主義福音」在社會主義中國並不被需要，甚至不被容許。

Hottinger S. C. Chang, a Christian intellectual in Republican China, was considered as ＂a representative of Christian socialism in China＂, and Chang in his later years introduced himself as an ＂evangelist of Jesusism＂. Since the 1920s, Chang had believed that ＂Jesusism＂, a term he coined, equaled socialism or Christian socialism. This article explores how Chang, through interpretation of the Gospels, remade the image of a socialist Jesus so as to accommodate Christianity to socialism. Firstly, this article analyzes Chang's uses of some key terms such as Jesusism, socialism and other related concepts. Secondly, we discuss how Chang, based on the relationship between Jesus and the proletarians, on Jesus's criticism of capitalism, and on his criticism of imperialism, attempted to justify the legitimacy of Christian socialism. Lastly, focusing on the issue of whether Christians should support violent revolution or class struggle, one will see how Chang's interpretation of the Gospels and his images of Jesus changed in response to the historical contexts. In the last analysis, ＂the Gospel According to Socialism＂ proposed by Chang was not needed, or even tolerated, in socialist China.