克勞塞維茨軍事啟蒙思想及其未完成理論之可欲性

Clausewitz's Military Enlightenment Thought and Desirability of His Unfinished Theory

克勞塞維茨的《戰爭論》為一本「未完成的」著作，是受到十八世紀啟蒙與反啟蒙兩種思想衝擊影響下的著作。就普遍性理論建構可欲性的方法論意義而言，克氏欲建構戰爭理論的終極目標能否達成？學界極少關注。甚至，對克氏思想的定位，亦呈含混不明且有分歧的現象，以致難以建立共識作進一步研究。如果克氏的思想是反啟蒙屬性，則在理論上，他仍無法克服理念上的矛盾而建構理論；如果克氏的思想是啟蒙屬性，則他應該可以融合精神與物質兩種概念，最終達成建構普遍性戰爭理論的目標。因此，本文擬就克氏究屬啟蒙或反啟蒙思想定位分歧的現象，進行初步探討以釐清，最後嘗試指出克氏理論建構可能的方向。本文採用Isaiah Berlin對反啟蒙的解釋觀點作為依據，對上述分歧的現象進行觀察分析。在論述架構上，除了前言與問題意識，首先陳述啟蒙與反啟蒙的哲學分界，以作為一種分析觀察的指標。其次討論學者對克氏思想在此分界上的三種定位。最後，就這些學者的觀點，提出定位分歧原因的綜合分析，並依此提出克氏理論建構可能性的前瞻思考方向。

Carl von Clausewitz's On War is an 'unfinished' work. The reason, it is generally believed, is that it was impacted by both Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment thought in the 18th century. Clausewitz desired to construct a war theory. As far as the methodology of constructing desirability by a universal theory is concerned, could his ultimate goal be completed? This, however, has drawn little attention by researchers. Moreover, researchers are ambiguous or even disagree with each other over what Clausewitz's idea was. Therefore, a consensus is very difficult to build for further study. In the case that Clausewitz's thought was based on the counter-Enlightenment, then, in theory, he still could not reconcile a contradiction in his concept to construct a theory. In the case that Clausewitz's thought was influenced by the Enlightenment, then he should blend both the spiritual and the material to ultimately achieve his goal of constructing a universal war theory. This study attempts to clarify whether Clausewitz was an Enlightenment or a counter-Enlightenment thinker, and finally to indicate a desired direction for construction in his theory. This study adopted Isaiah Berlin's explanation of the counter-Enlightenment for reference and proceeded to observe and analyze the conflicting arguments. In respect to narrative structure, apart from the introduction and the question of consciousness, this study begins by stating a line of demarcation between Enlightenment philosophy and counter-Enlightenment philosophy to serve as an indicator for analysis. Then, I discuss three possibilities of Clausewitz's thoughts. Finally, this study is summarized by proposing a comprehensive analysis and pointing out a proactive thinking direction for constructing Clausewitz's theory.