德川日本祭政教一致論的建構──以會澤正志齋為中心

The Construction of ''Unity of Ritual, Rule and Doctrine'' Theory in Tokugawa Japan: Centered on Aizawa Seshisai

歷來研究多指稱後期水戶學儒者藉儒家思想倡行恢復天皇之祭政一致權力，以此作為締造「國體」的思想資源，原因在於，祭政一致除證成天皇本有之「祭統」與「政統」外，更可從中提煉「忠」、「孝」德目，藉以體證「忠孝一本」蘊義，進而彰顯「報本反始」之意義。然本文認為，在幕末面對西教侵凌時，後期水戶學儒者會澤正志齋通過對北畠親房、荻生徂徠政治思想的融攝，希冀將肇國所創建之禮制擴及日本全國，使治下萬民皆能諭知「天祖」作為祭、政的唯一本源的重要意義，並在此意義上實現「君民一體」，從而免除西教愚民的疑慮。也正是基於此番危機意識，正志齋指出須輔以「教化」來整飭禮俗，以重申祭政一致的重要性，此則「祭政教一致」論的摶成。

Most previous studies claim that scholars of later Mito School promoted the restoration of the Tennō in terms of granting him the power of ''unity of ritual and rule ''through Confucianism, and used it to create ideological support for ''kokutai.'' Apart from the fact that ''unity of ritual and rule'' proved the Tennō was born with the divine rights to religion and governance, more importantly, concerning the virtues of loyalty and filial piety, one can conclude that this proved ''chūkōippon'' and further manifested ''hōhonhanshi.'' However, this study proposes, when facing invasions from the ''xijiao'' toward the end of the Edo period, ''unity of ritual and rule'' was claimed by the later Mito Scholar, Aizawa Seshisai. He absorbed the political thoughts of Kitabatake Chikafusa and Ogyū Sorai, and wanted to promote the code of etiquette to the entire Japan. Aizawa Seshisai made all subjects accept the ancestral ''Tenso'' as the only origin for religion and governance, realize ''kunminittai'' in this sense, and thus eliminate the concern that religions from the ''xijiao'' would manipulate the thoughts of the subjects. Being aware of the risk of invasions from the ''xijiao,'' Aizawa Seshisai realized that one had to integrate folk customs through ''enlightenment'' and to emphasize the importance of ''unity of ritual, rule, and doctrine '' once again, which was the completion of the political thought of ''unity of ritual, rule and doctrine.''