中共統戰工作的演變：以1997年香港回歸前後為例

The CCP's United Front Work Evolution: The Comparative Study Before and After the Handover of Hong Kong

本文內容旨在探討香港回歸前後中共「統戰」工作演變之比較分析。「統戰」作為「三大法寶」之一，對中共政權的發展、延續與外交政策均扮演重要角色，但外界直到2014年「雨傘運動」後才又逐漸重新關注。隨近年來內外區域局勢日趨複雜，中共亦高調宣示強化統戰工作以為因應。有鑑於此，本文希望透過對中共在香港統戰工作的回顧與比較，建構分析框架，以提供若干經驗證據並與學界理論對話。研究顯示，統戰的核心目標在於鞏固中共領導權。初期多採「籠絡」尋求政治同盟以合作對抗主要敵人，後期則轉採「分化」與「圍堵」潛在敵人形成同盟。在各時期依據不同政治目標界定主次要敵人，並靈活運用「籠絡」、「圍堵」、「分化」等策略達成目標。以香港為例，回歸前的統戰工作主要藉「籠絡」次要敵人（泛民主派、親商派）以（「圍堵」）打擊主要敵人（港英政府），在確立香港回歸等階段性成果後。又調整策略，先「分化」泛民主派，後「圍堵」泛本土派進而確保中共對香港的主導權。本文以為，統戰針對不同時期對手採取的靈活策略，確能達成使中共掌握主導權之目標。然而，由近年來中港矛盾漸增的狀況亦顯示，諸多既存政治社會矛盾仍對統戰工作構成挑戰，使其未來發展演變值得吾人持續關注。

This study adopts a comparative perspective in exploring the evolution of the “United Front work” (UF work) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) before and after the handover of Hong Kong (HK). UF work has played an important role in the development of the CCP, the continuation of the regime, and its foreign policy. However, it was not until the Umbrella Movement of 2014 that scholars renewed their attention on this issue. With the increasingly complex situation both internally and externally for the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), the CCP recently has expressed its intent to strengthen the functioning of UF work. Therefore, this article examines UF work in HK and constructs an analytical framework to provide empirical evidence and theoretical dialogue. This article points out that the core goal of UF work is to consolidate the leadership of the CCP. In its early days, UF work sought to establish alliances to counter its main enemies. In later stages, it turned to the strategies of “cooptation” and “differentiation” of potential enemies. UF work operates using strategies to achieve goals flexibly, based on the different goals for each stage. For example, the early UF work in HK mainly relied on the cooptation of HK capitalists to counter the British colonial administration. After obtaining the support of HK elites which facilitated the handover, it adjusted its strategies to focus more on “splitting” and “containing” the Pan-democracy camp to consolidate political power. The paper concludes that UF work indeed enables the CCP to continue its political dominance. However, the increasing contradictions between China and HK also show that difficulties still exist. Hence, it is necessary to continue to pay attention to the future development of UF work.