佛國因緣－－《洛陽伽藍記》中佛寺園林的自然與文化再探

The Dependent Rising and Ruining of the Buddhist Kingdom: The Nature and Culture of the Buddhist Gardens in Luo-yang Qie-lan Ji

楊衒之的《洛陽伽藍記》以北魏都城洛陽之佛寺、園林記述為主線，又繫以當時的政治、經濟、人物、風俗、地理與掌故傳聞，保存了北魏「人間佛國」興衰的紀錄。凡此佛寺園林，既是一種自然景觀，也是一種宗教景觀。本文擬重因此一歷史記憶的情境，試圖從當時的伽藍盛景，探索其如何透過今與昔、繁華與衰敗、入世與出世的情境對照，形成弔詭的時空關係與空間美感？此一佛國象徵究竟傳達了怎樣的歷史「消息」？又如何經由園林的物質表象表達一種新的自然觀？並磨合出不同文化下的宇宙模型和人間道場？最後詮釋此一破滅的佛國景象對於人們心靈的啟示與重建。

The main theme of Yang Xuan-zhi's楊衒之 Luoyang qielanJi洛陽伽藍記 is to record the Buddhist temples and gardens in the Capital Luoyang洛陽 during the Northern Wei北魏. Meanwhile, it also records the politics, economics, figures, customs, geographies and numerous anecdotes of that period. Therefore, it represents the rise and fall of 'Buddha land in the human world' during the Northern Wei. Those Buddhist temples and gardens are not only natural landscapes, but also religious. This essay attempts to return to the historical situations to explore paradoxical senses of time and space by the contrast between the present and the past, the prosperity and the decay, the engaged and transcended spirits. What kinds of historical messages did those Buddhist symbols connote? How to represent a new concept of nature by the material images of those gardens, and then combine the two different kinds of universal models and the sites of enlightenment? In conclusion, the essay would interpret that how the ruinous images of Buddha kingdom enlightened and rebuilt people's spirits.