前涼建興二十八年「松人」木牘解復鬼文研究

Research on Repetitious Demon-Dispelling Inscriptions of the Wooden Tablet of Pine Figurine, Dated the Twenty-eighth Year of the Jianxing Reign Period, Former Liang Dynasty

香港中文大學文物館藏前涼建興二十八年（340）「松人解除木牘」，甘肅武威也土，墨書300餘字，附圖。學界釋文、句讀有誤，性質不明。此器當為《赤松子章曆》等早期天師道文獻記載《千二百官章儀〉斷絕呼訟，解除復重，去「塚訟復注之鬼」所用的道教代人用品，以松人代死人解謫，柏人代死者家人親屬除禍殃。其源出自東漢墓葬之以解注鉛人持代死人、人參持代生人之俗。本器與敦煌晉墓大量出土的「斗瓶」、鉛人、木人材料，反映魏晉時期天師道在西北甘肅地區的盛行。

There is a wooden tablet of pine figurine used as exorcisms with more than three hundreds black ink Chinese characters in the Art Museum of Chinese University of Hongkong, dated the twenty-eighth year of the Jianxing reign period, found in Wuwei, Gansu Province around the 1990s. Quite a few wrong explanation, collation and sentence-by-sentence reading existed in the research papers among the mainland and Hongkong scholars who have published about it so far, and its character still remains obscure. The authors argued, however, that it should be an article replacing the dead or living in ancient Taoism religion, as recorded in early Taoist books and documents like Petition Almanac of Master Red Pine. Its use is to sever the calling and litigation in the nether world, dispel the demonic infusions, and eliminate the demons of tomb litigation and repetitious infusion, according to the recordation of the Rituals of the 1200 Offices that Petition Almanac of Master Red Pine cited. The purpose of putting a pine figurine into a tomb is to replace the death to bear punishment, and let the death gain release from culpability, and the purpose of putting a cypress figurine into a tomb is to replace the family dependants or relatives of and exorcise malefic influences for the living, according to the inscriptions on pine figurine itself. Such a kind of burial custom should originate from using infusion-dispelling lead figurine to replace the death, using infusion-dispelling ginseng to replace the living in the Eastern Han period tombs. The above-mentioned funerary object, as well as a great deal of clay 'dou vases', lead figurines, wooden figurines excavated from the tombs of Jin dynasties period in Dunhuang, reflect such a fact that Way of the Celestial Masters was rather prevailing in Gansu region of northwest China in the Wei and Jin periods.