入道與行道：趙昇一系天師教團的黃赤教法

Initations and Practices: The Teaching on Sexual Rites (huangchi) of Zhao Sheng's Celestial Masters Sect

在道教發展最為劇烈的魏晉南北朝時期，各種教法正處於不斷改造與增刪的階段。天師道派的黃赤之道雖自草創時期即已存在，卻一直因道德考量而受到各界的批評。即便如此，傳統天師道派仍然不願輕易放棄此一教法。其原因實在值得深思。本文即從現存記錄黃赤教法的具體文書──八卷《黃書》中的兩卷《黃書過度儀》、《洞真黃書》，進行內容分析。首先，根據上述二書中所描述的傳承歷史，我們將黃赤教法歸屬於以雲臺治為發源地的趙昇一系天師教團，以之區隔於張魯一系教團；並且我們希望透過這兩個天師道派系的差異性，用以提醒過於簡化地看待天師道派或其他道派為一純淨整體的謬誤。其次，我們透過對於「過度儀」的內容分析，說明其為入道（入會）的啟蒙儀式，儀式實踐者透過師弟子互為陰陽的相對關係，模擬天地合氣的形式，一方面由師父將象徵道炁的赤炁傳予弟子，一方面更由師父於過度儀式中教導弟子往後作為夫妻共修的房中養生技術。入道儀式完成之後，入道弟子即得以根據行道的日常手冊──《洞真黃書》中所指示的行房規定與禁忌，反覆實踐過度儀中的儀式動作，以之作為夫妻日常的修行。諸如此類對於黃赤之道的研究，可以使我們清楚地了解天師道教民對於身為宗教人的自我認知以及其日常的宗教生活。

In the Six-Dynasties Period, when Taoism was at the peak of its development, different Taoist practices were continually proposed, modified, and rejected. The particular sexual rites, huangchi, practiced by the Tianshidao 天師道(the Celestial Masters School), had existed since the inception of Taoism, but. it was constantly subjected to criticism for its controversial morality. Notwithstanding, members of the Celestial Masters School stuck to the tradition of sex rituals within their group, for reasons that deserve our further investigation. This paper proposes to conduct a textual analysis on two significant documents in Celestial Masters School, namely The Shangqing huangshu guodu yi 上清黃書過度儀(Rites of Salvation of the Yellow Writings of Highest Clarity) and the Dongzhen huangshu 洞真黃書(The Yellow Writings of the Cavern-Perfected) in the series of eight-volumed Huangshu 黃書(The Yellow Writings). In light of the doctrinal development described in the documents, an initial attempt is made to distinguish the Celestial Masters Sect, which originated in Yuntaizhi under its founder Zhao Sheng, from the Celestial Masters School, and to warn against the oversimplification of treating the various Celestial Masters School as one unified, homogeneous trend of thought and practices. The analysis of the rites of salvation of the Yellow Writings reveals that the rites were actually a series of initiation rituals. In the spirit of the harmonious unification between Heaven and Earth that complement each other, copulation was performed between masters and neophytes of the opposite sex in an effort to pass on to the followers the heavenly qi that materialized as chiqi in human bodies as well as the skills required for enlightening sexual relations with their future spouses. After the initiation, members of the School would do as instructed by the guidebook of the Dongzhen huangshu as a way to enlightenment. This research is expected to lead to a deeper understanding of the religious self-identity and the religious life of the Celestial Masters School converts.