台灣的古蹟保存：一個批判性回顧

Historic Preservation in Taiwan: A Critical Review

本文對戰後台灣古蹟保存政策提出一批判性之回顧。本文首先指出在在1970年代以前，台灣其實是沒有古蹟保存政策的，作者稱之為一種特殊政治條件下的歷史失憶症。其次，快速的經濟發展所帶來的實質環境破壞中催生了1970年代的古蹟保存運動。古蹟保存運動是現代化過程中的反文化運動的一部分。它受到1970年代初歐美反文化運動價值觀的影響，同時，都市知識精英們的文化運動也使古蹟保存成為公共之議題，從而產生了1980年代的文化資產保存法制定。作者指出這個簡化了的文資法主要針對歷史建築物之保存，而政府部門執行能力薄弱，同時，文建會與民政系統間又事權分散。然後，台灣經濟快速發展與古蹟保存間的結構性矛盾因為國家政策干預能力不足而惡化，這是經濟發展的不對稱性在文化政策上的表現。到了1990年，由於國族國家重建的過程，國家的文化政策終於轉向，國家正當性之建構為了取得草根社區之支持，社區共同體建構與古蹟保存社區化成為國家政策的新方向，然而，古蹟保存社區化的目標卻更加深了國家機器執行能力不足的困境。這時候，文化資產保存法“民間版”卻已經送進了立法院，要求古蹟保存進一步結合民眾參與，與草根社會連結。最後，作者提出地方發展與永恆異質地方的鏡象做為展望台灣的保存行動與改變社會集體記憶的計劃，以思考新的可能性。

The paper provides a critical review on the historical conservation experience in Taiwan. At first, the social context of the emergence of the urban conservation in the 1970s is considered. There are two dimensions: the empty social memory in a peculiar political history and the historic conservation movements against the rapid urbanization as well as the economic growth. Then, the conservation policies of cultural property of the state in the 1980s is dealt with. there are several factors will be mentioned. The Japanese influence and the limits of the institutions in implementation will be discussed. Then, the power relation underlying the historical interpretation and the designation of historical conservation has been treated in the end of this section. After that, the current problems of urban conservation will be analysed due to the political pressures from the designation of the private historic sites. There are three issues: the conflicts between development and conservation, the requests for the diversity of conservation from the society, and the shift of the state's cultural policy. How to integrate urban conservation with community participation is the challenge. And there are more problems, such as the dynamism of the traditional craftsman, the emerging cultural landscape conservation, the ignorance and absence of the aboriginal people, and the incompetence of the state bureaucracy. The urban conservation with community participation is actually a historical project and a challenge of the emerging civil society of Taiwan. Finally, considering the urban conservation as a project of the local development and the constituted heterotopias, a theoretical reflection will be discussed in the conclusion.