入道弟子──《周氏冥通記》的宗教日常敘述

Disciple in His Quest for the Way: The Everyday Life of the Religious Practitioner in Zhoushi Mingtong Ji

《周氏冥通記》常被視為一個孤獨少年的學仙記，相較於學界多關心於降真、記夢一類的敘述，本文重點則放在其所開創出的宗教日常生活敘述，從梁陶弘景（456－536）以師者的觀看位置，追憶徒弟周子良（497－516）修煉成仙過程中日常生活的點點滴滴，並依照個人的宗教認知，重新詮釋子良生前留下的隻言片語，經過剪裁、拼貼種種的蛛絲馬跡，不僅建構出一個少年學道、求仙者的生活世界，更關心當時多元的社會網絡。換言之，亦即將冥感經驗放在信仰者的人際網絡中，作為一個「行動」觀察，解析個人化的宗教實踐和宗教互動的網絡，藉由日常與靈異經驗的追憶、編排、佈局，重新召回與神靈接觸之際的感動、交通與認同，形成一個「活」的信仰經驗的交流網。從文學的角度來說，《周氏冥通記》可謂眾體兼備的作品，在周氏本人的逐日記載的仙誥所形成的第一文本之外，復經其師陶弘景校註編撰，融合傳、啟、答、記等當時常用的文體，可視為第二副文本，交糅出多重聲音的紀錄，解析其間衝突與磨合。同時在齊、梁揚棄虛玄，偏愛世俗的寫作風格下，巧妙地將晉、宋以來的降真文體，加入日常敘述，以增加聖、俗之間的張力，本文重探其敘述筆法的殊異處，並探討卷一〈周傳〉與哀體之間的關係，以做為宗教／文學的本土案例，開啟道教文學新的一頁。

Normally considered as a record of a young boy on his way to discovering immortality, Zhoushi mingtong ji 周氏冥通記 (Record of Master Zhou's Communications with the Unseen) has been employed to research narratives on the comings of immortals and the recording of dreams. This article for the first time, however, focuses on its depictions of daily religious life. This research examines the everyday life of Zhou Ziliang 周子良 (496-515), disciple of Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (456-536), during his process of cultivating immortality from the perspective of Tao's recollections. Based on his own religious knowledge, Zao reinterprets the words of Zhou from his lifetime, and by editing and compiling, not only reconstructs the living world of a young man on his quest for immortality, but also considers the diverse social networks of the time. In other words, this article views the numinous experiences of the religious practitioner in regards to his social network as “an action,” analyzing personalized religious practices and the networks of religious interaction. Through the recollection and compilation of both the everyday and the supernatural, this experience represents one's contact and connection with, as well as acknowledgement of, the realm of spirits, forming a communication network with the “living” experience of the believer. From a literary point of view, Zhoushi mingtong ji encompasses numerous genres, and is the first day-by-day record of the revelations of immortals. Annotated and edited by combining biographies, announcements, imperial decrees, and records by Tao Hongjing, the text is regarded as complex with a mixture of voices both in conflict and becoming accustomed to one another. Within the literary contexts of the Qi and Liang periods, when writers were moving away from the spiritual or obscure in favor of a more secular style, Zhoushi mingtong ji skillfully incorporates the genre of the descension of immortals from the Jin and Liu Song dynasties onwards into everyday narratives to increase the tension between the sacred and the secular. This article re-examines the unique techniques of writing, and analyzes the connection between the Biography of Zhou 周傳 in chapter one and the genre of mourning literature, viewing it as a local case of religion/literature, which thus opens a new chapter in Taoist literature.