育兒婦女就業歷程初探

Women’ s Employment Patterns after Childbearing in Taiwan

本研究追蹤2004年至2007年15至44歲婦女10（12）年的勞保資料，探討育兒婦女在孩童出生後的勞動樣態，同時觀察申請育嬰留職停薪婦女的就業歷程，發現育兒婦女由於有生育年齡限制，人數以25至34歲為主，有一半以上的人居住於北部地區，多數從事製造業及批發零售業，6成以上在大企業投保，投保薪資有兩極化現象。育兒婦女在小孩6歲前就業狀況變動較大，之後趨於穩定，與過去的研究認為子女12歲以前對育兒婦女就業的影響較大明顯不同，可能與現行的勞保制度的設計有關。不過，不在勞動市場的女性比重持續增加，顯現有部分女性退出後便未回到勞動市場。相對於中低所得者，高所得者持續就業的比重較高。隨著育嬰留職停薪津貼的適用，2006年及2007年生育者申請人數大幅增加，申請者相關屬性與整體育兒婦女相近，在育嬰留職停薪津貼適用後，申請期間一年以內的比重大幅提高，高所得者申請比重相對較高，惟申請育嬰留職停薪者持續就業的比重比整體育兒婦女來得低，不在勞動市場的比重也比整體育兒婦女略高1個百分點。由於小孩6歲以前，育兒婦女就業歷程變動較大，建議可申請育嬰留職停薪的資格由現行的小孩3歲前放寬至6歲，同時評估女性未考慮重回職場的影響因素，以及育嬰留職停薪津貼制度對兩性的影響。

This study used the labor insurance data of aged 15 to 44 from 2004 to 2007 to explore the employment patterns of childrearing women and those who applied maternity leave women. The majority of childrearing women were at the age of 25 to 34 and lived in the northern area, and employed by large enterprises. The proportion of insured women engaged in manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade is higher than in the other industries. Obviously, the structure of insurance salary appeared polarization. Compared to the whole childrearing process, the employment pattern of childrearing women would be fluctuated greatly when the child less than 6 years old, is significantly different with past studies, which may be related to the design of labor insurance system. However, the proportion of not returned to the labor market continued to increase. High-income childrearing women presented a higher proportion of continuing employment than low- and middle-income insured. With the application of the parental leave allowance, the number of applicants increased significantly in 2006 and 2007. The relevant characteristics of the applicants were similar to those of the childrearing women’ s. After the implementation of the parental leave allowance, the duration of applications returned to market shortened to within one year. The proportion of high-income applicants was higher than low- and middle-income insured. However, the proportion of those who apply for the parental leave allowance people continuing work is lower than that of the whole childrearing women average. Since the employment pattern of childrearing women had changed a lot before the child is 6 years old, it is recommended to relax the childrearing leave until the child reaches the age of 6. At the same time, the factors that affected the childrearing women not to return market and the impact of the parental leave allowance system on different gender would be evaluated.