遠洋漁業勞動體制初探：一個建構在利益極大化、共識與風險轉嫁的工業性漁撈模式

A Pilot Research on the Labour Process System in Distant Water Fisheries: An Industrial Fishing Model Building on Maximised Profits, Consensus and Risk Delegation

本文首先梳理臺灣遠洋漁業發展與漁業勞動市場上國人退場，大陸籍與外籍漁工進場之歷程。接著描述遠洋漁業勞動之現象，以及漁業生產者面對全球漁業供應鏈的弱勢談判地位，但又面臨國際漁業管理所要求的透明化、嚴格規範與自我治理。本文說明遠洋漁業供應鏈轉變為剝削鏈的現象，探討漁業補撈的商業模式如何結合剝削漁業勞動者的手段，以及規避合法並掩蓋非法的漁撈作業方式，試圖將漁撈作業的利益最大化。為能理解漁業供應鏈究竟如何形成對勞動者的剝削與強迫行為，作者以本土勞動體制與遠洋漁業的田野訪查資料，對比Crane的現代奴役運作理論框架，試圖提出台灣遠洋漁業勞動體制的假設。在遠洋漁業這種初始產業中，供應鏈層層壓迫下，生產者藉由先進漁撈科技，向海洋進行掠奪性的捕撈，在利益相關者層層風險轉嫁以取得最大利益的共識下，海洋承擔人類「各盡所能與各取所需」的資源浩劫，而勞動剝削則在缺乏國際間與各國政府強有力規範與利益相關者共同建構的共識之下，成為遠洋漁業勞動的日常。

This article first describes the historical development of distant water fisheries in particular addressing the replacement of labour supply by the Chinese and migrant fishers in recent decades. The following part indicates the specific nature of distant water fisheries and the vulnerability in negotiation within the fishery supply chain. The third part describes the phenomena of the transformation of fishing supply chain into exploitation chain as a way to maximize profit and to avoid cost of governance. In 2015, the EU gave yellow card to Taiwan government for the weak governance in distant water fisheries. This warning action urges the Taiwan government to hold responsibility in the fight against fishery crimes including IUU. To decipher the causal relationships between distant water fishery and the phenomena of forced labour, the author applied a modified theoretical framework provided by Crane Andrew. The modified framework follows Crane's hypothetical assumption by taking modern slavery as a business management model. The author tends to categorise enabling conditions of forced labour, control capability and strategic actions by employing the Giant Ocean case, widely reported as an example for analysis. The author concludes that the fundamental approach is to provide a theoretical proposal on sketching the labour production system of distant water fisheries industry of Taiwan. Maximising economic profit by exploiting the ocean and risk delegation from top to the ground under a built consent. As there are lack of strong regulation among and between governments, the labour exploitation system built on stakeholders' manufactured conscent has become daily.