當代臺灣低度就業與工作身份之關聯性：探討低度就業的新視角

Underemployment and Employment Status in Taiwan: A New Perspective on Exploring Underemployment

低度就業是介於失業與適當就業之間的工作狀況，主要有「非自願工時不足」、「薪資過低」、「教育與職業不相稱」等三個層面。低度就業問題雖然值得重視，然而在國內相關的研究卻很有限。本文運用「2015年台灣社會變遷基本調查」資料，針對台灣當代勞工面臨的低度就業狀況，及其與工作身份之間的關連性進行探討。我們發現在2015年，台灣職場受雇者中有29％的人員屬於低度就業者，其中非典型工作人員中屬於低度就業的百分比是典型工作人員的二倍（46.5％ vs. 23.8％）。這數據一方面顯示出非典型人員在整體上比典型人員更容易面臨低度就業；另一方面，也提醒我們典型人員雖然發生低度就業的可能性較低，但也有將近四分之一的典型工作者的就業品質已經有所惡化。一般而言，我們發現非典型工作者比典型工作者更有可能面臨多種低度就業的衝擊。然而，我們也發現非典型工作者其實比較不容易進入低度就業的狀況，可是一旦發生，則低度就業的嚴重程度會較高。當進一步考慮非典型工作型態的異質性時，我們發現典型員工、市場雇用非典型、組織雇用非典型這三種不同的工作身份導致就業品質的層級性差異，說明了非典型工作型態的異質性有其社會階層化的意涵。

Underemployment, indicating the employment situations lying between adequate employment and unemployment, usually includes three types: involuntary part-time work, low wage, and mismatch of occupation and education. We used data from the “Taiwan Social Change Survey, 2015” to study the association between underemployment and workers under different employment relations. We found that 30% of the employees in Taiwan confronting underemployment, and the percentage of underemployment among nonstandard workers are twice than that of standard workers. Although nonstandard workers are more likely to face multiple types of underemployment, they were actually less likely to become underemployed. However, once nonstandard workers started underemployment, they encountered higher risk of multiple types of underemployment. As considering the heterogeneity of nonstandard works, we found that the differentiation of employment status into standard, “market-mediating” nonstandard and “organizationhiring” nonstandard workers, rendered the hierarchical difference in employment quality, confirming the social stratification implication of the heterogeneity of nonstandard works.