從哲學思想的觀點比較中西方傳統庭園的特質差異

A Comparative Research on Philosophy and Aesthetics in Chinese and European Traditional Gardens

中西方世界由於自然環境、歷史背景和人文環境的不同，孕育出不同的藝術風格與文化特色。造園藝術自然也因而形成不同的庭園式樣和風格。本文從哲學觀點去探討這兩個不同庭園體系間的特質差異，作為造園發展借鑒或相關研究之參考。以文獻研究配合實地察訪，分析比較兩個庭園體系，其結果說明如下·）一、中國傳統庭園著重意境的追求，將無形的詩，無聲的畫，以立體的庭園型式表現，包含了美學意境及高深的哲理。西方國家在十八世紀以前，佔主導地位的幾何規則式庭園，與中國傳統庭園的藝術風格大異其趣。）二、歐洲傳統庭園重「外在的形式美」及「人工創作美J的表現，與中國傳統庭園追求「內在意境美」的旨趣不同。欣賞中國庭園．應用心去感受r自然」｀追求「意境」。歐洲傳統庭園則應用眼觀察r景觀J•較著重視覺的美感。）三、歐洲傳統庭園在素材上的應用，常把造園材料甚至植物也都看成是一種建築材料，如修剪成樹牆綠籬及花壇邊緣；側重植物的外形表現。而中國傳統庭園應用植物並不刻意著重個體美或稀有性，而重植物本身的自然美及其象徽意義，且常與文學詩詞藝術相結合。

The focus of this study was on a comparison of styles and characteristics such as philosophical thought, aesthetic theories and general culture of the Chinese traditional garden and European garden. The major differences between Chinese and European traditional gardens may be summarized as follows Chinese Traditional Gardens. The man-to-nature relationship in China had based on philosophical and religious backgrounds of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism, originating in ancient times: These man-to-nature relations are based on a deep admiration of the natural landscapes. The Chinese garden tradition valued for their expression of emotion and feelings of poems and paintings In China, gardens were designed as reflections of grand holy landscape (mountains, hills, rocks and lakes, streams) .It was not a goal to dominate nature, but to integrate gardens and social life within the nature landscape. Trees and other plants were arranged as 'brakers' against the buildings embedded subordinatively into the landscape. The Chinese appreciate plants for their accumulated symbolic and literary associations European traditional gardens E uropean trad1honal gardens In Europe, gardens may be characterized by formal and na,tural styles in this study we use the formal studyes : For ex睏ple,Cohesion of small-scale open space, forming relatively closed compartments, near the house reflecting their building and architectural features including gardens that were divided into room Dominating axial large-scale open spaces forming vista, canals, and stairs in orthogonal systems, star like central coordinate systems, orientated towards centers of political, economical and religious powers.