中國古代城郭都市型態簡論－－坊市革命以前華夏都城型態的聚合、分化與其制度化程序

An Outline History of the Chinese Capital Morphology: The Agglomeration, Differentiation and the Procedures of Institutionalization of the Chinese Capitals before Medieval City Revolution

著名文化史家錢穆先生認為，工商社會第一個標準就是城市（1996：132）。而成書可能超過兩千年前的典籍《考工記》亦論及「面朝後市」，依鄭玄注：「市朝者，君所以建國。建國者，必面朝而後市」；即此當時，古老中國應已具處理商業機能的城市結構，其結構方式歷來亦多有討論，並定出其空間要素。然而，若又從考古資料與文獻來看，中國城郭城市（walled city）特徵則是在歷朝代改革中形成：如內城軸線、外郭內城的層理結構與內城的里坊制度等，三千年來尤以外郭城牆結合內城里制成為華夏城市文明的外顯特徵。中國特有層層疊疊的牆（wall）造就出不同層次與各式的城市型態；依此來看，中國的城市現象與形成過程應與西方城市有所差異。以往，中國城市的歷史研究，主要從文獻、現貌描繪甚或考古資料，探討社會與城市性質，但卻稍乏由城市發展技術（technology of city development）論及其演變的程序，筆者嘗試由此論之。筆者認為中國城市型態基於兩種主要的規畫技術，一是型態聚合（agglomeration），二是城市土地分化（differentiation）；甚為重要的是，經由制度化（institutionalization）的程序，代代相承，成為通行於歷代的中國城市特徵。此外，自西周以來，中央則藉著中心城鎮收編地方城鎮的政治職能，以強調王權在地理、經濟、制度等權力概念的集中，同時也造成地方城鎮在政治力與空間意義上弱化，更使代表王權的中央政府藉由權力控制而達成各項資源的集中，並取得資源的分配與再生產的權力。依此邏輯，不但使「都城」可以實質上成為國家的中心，中國也成為臆想中的「中心國度」（Central Country）。反過來說，西方城市卻自中古世紀以後，即不斷強化個別都市在經濟、政治、立法、司法等機能與賦權的完整，更為強調內部土地使用與機能的分化。據此，中國城市發展出「家長式」的特徵，結合而成城市簇群，成為帝國以來的中國城市結構的本質。

The foundation of a Chinese walled city which with the outer walls of multi layers as well as the inner enclosure li-fang wards has been lasted over 3000 years and known as the Chinese city characters. The layers of wall not only distinguished between the outer world and the inner world, but also prolong the society of the security, defense, production and collective living demand.Following the Chinese classic literature, the Chinese city hierarchy before Q'in Dynasty, the capital cities' functions are setting up since two important technique of city development, the first is the formation of cities agglomeration, the other is city land's differentiation, most important of all, by the process of historical institutionalization, these has been the Chinese city features formatted chronically during history over 3000 years, such as observable features of the city axis, multiple outer walls and the enclosure walled ward neighborhood system in the inner city (li-fang ward). This paper aims to demonstrate the procedures and to interpret their mutual relations by telling the city technology applied during the cultural process.Far from the western cities, when they once established that in order to become autonomous community which intended to empower themselves in every dimension e.g. economics, political, legislative and judicial power. Nevertheless, in Chinese, the city is formed both to fulfill the Chinese cosmology that follows the Chinese literature that everything should under the highest authority, the power of Heaven, that the king represents. Therefore the emperor has the completely authority of every resource, space and time is definitely inclusive, and also the right to its allocation, geographically and chronically. Such a patrol hierarchical system which may lead to the concentration of political power, in addition to weaken the local powers and finally brings about the local community's reliance, so that the central authority may take over all the usage of all the limited natural resources and control the reproduction of their social relations. Consequently, the distribution of power of paternalism should be regard as the nature of Chinese city structure.