類型設定：一種住宅設計方法

Typological Specification as a Housing Design Method

人造環境中最有趣的現象就是住宅類型的出現，卻也是在建築設計專業領域中常受忽略甚至敵視的一個對象。類型是社會文化的空間結晶，它的作者是匿名的，也因此是不可發明的。類型的演化來自於回應環境需求與限制條件的改變。這個研究的希望再度正視類型的意義，並進一步指出類型應該是住宅設計的形式基礎，同時在方法上強調以類型為基礎的住宅設計應該以規範設定取代藍圖設計，尤其在大尺度的住宅開發計劃中。在這篇論文中，我們以台灣都市中最常見的三種類型，遠雄住宅、街屋，以及公寓為例，來說明類型設計作為一種住宅設計方法論的原則與技術。

House type is one of the most interesting phenomena in built environments. However, it is also often overlooked by design professions who usually are very much occupied by their idiosyncratical creativity. This paper intends to reemphasize the importance of type to housing design. Type is first seen as a spatial norm shared by its user group. One of the salient characters of type is its anonymity. It follows that type cannot be designed as a blueprint-like product, instead, it should be specified as a set of rules by which large amount of instances can be generated. The type-based design in this sense is to apply the rule system to a given program that will produce a specific design belonging to the type family. Type changes in an evolutionary way by constantly adjusting its spatial structure to meet the new needs and the constraints of the environment in which it emerges. Design profession will intervene only when it is helpful to this evolutionary process. Three typical urban housing types in Taiwan- the row house, the shophouse, and the walk-up apartment - are studied to demonstrate the principles and techniques of typological specification as a new methodology for housing design.