先秦至漢代成室禮、五祀祭之性質、思維特色及禮制之轉化

The Rites of Inauguration, the Character and Thoughts of Rites of Five Offerings, and the Transformation of Etiquette from Pre-Qin to Han Dynasty

宮寢建築除了是安居之所，同時還具有溝通自然與神明，連結家族與社會的功能，往往展現聖俗、倫理、權力……等豐富面向。因此其時空的選定、建築的過程乃至建築完成後，均有許多重要儀典，以祓除不祥，祈得福佑。本篇文章以成室禮為核心，探討宮室新成時的儀典與其思維特色。並透過經籍及諸家注疏之爭議的梳解，釐清成室之「落」與「考」禮是否用血及儀式特色等問題。由於成室禮的焦點在於五祀，居寢其間者，於災變、疾病、祈年、求福佑、報功亦均祭五祀，五祀之於宮寢的重要意義及與屋主間的密切關係可以想見。因此本文第二部分，分析五祀之性質以及獻祭、祓除之特色，並對用牲狀況，淨化儀典與族群結構之淨化與穩定的關係進行探討。成室禮及五祀之祭儀與犧牲、血液、內臟密切相關，本文第三部分分析成室禮及五祀的祓除與祭儀與原始思維的關係，以及交感巫術、厭勝之法所反映的連續型宇宙觀，其特色及儀典上的呈現。本文第四部分在說明，禮制雖以原始宗教的宇宙觀為源頭，對其精神仍有所承續，但亦發生了不小的質變，並進行道德的詮釋及工夫之轉化。而此種質變至秦漢以後，則更為劇烈。受到陰陽五行盛行的影響，為符應宇宙圖式，禮制於此歷經重大變革，成室禮及五祀之祭亦在此風潮下，逐漸以陰陽、五行等角度進行安排和配置，甚至更繁複的與漢代思潮如五德帝、感生帝等說法相結合，對禮制及禮意之詮釋造成不小的影響。

The palace buildings have functions of connecting between nature and gods, and between family and society. It shows abundant sides such as the sacred, the profane, ethics, power, etc. Therefore, there were many important rites to remove the ominous and pray for well-being when the selections of space-time and the building process from start to finish. This essay focuses on the rites of inauguration. It discusses the thoughts of the rites when a palace was built. Furthermore, it clarifies problems that if it used blood in the inauguration of luo(落) and kao(考), and the feature of the rites. Because of the point of rites of inauguration is on the five sacrifices, people who lived there had to offer sacrifice to the five sacrifices during disaster, disease, rites of harvest, pray for well-being, and rites of requital. For this reason, the second part of the essay analyzes the character of the five sacrifices, and the features of offering sacrifice and the rites of exorcism. It also discusses the condition of using animal, the rites of clarification, and the relationship of clansman's purge and steadiness. The third part of this essay analyzes the relationship between these rites of inauguration, the exorcism and rites of offering sacrifice, and the native thoughts. The final part shows the transformation of rites of inauguration.