敦煌寫本〈北魏太平真君十一年、十二年曆日〉綜研

A Comprehensive Study of Dunhuang Manuscript The Lunisolar Calendar in the 11^(th) and 12^(th) Year of Tai-Ping Jun-Xun's Reign of the Northern Wei Dynasty

本文根據蘇瑩輝先生及劉操南先生所發表之北魏太平真君十一年、十二年曆日抄本，及鄧文寬先生得之於日本學者池田溫複印本後所發表的校記，比較三者之異同，依次辨釋，還二曆抄本原貌。再分曆譜部分：以曆法實際演算氣朔發斂、月食加時，皆與曆本所載合符，而考證此二曆為魏楊偉景初術行用末期之曆日。曆注部分：分項考釋年神、建除、始耕、社、臘之源流，證明此二曆上承漢簡曆注之簡約，不同於唐宋以來曆注之繁複。後列二曆全年曆日總表於文末以參照，在前人研究的基礎上，提出新解，做進一步的綜合研究。

The purpose of this paper is to compare the similarities and differences of three calendar texts: two different transcripts of The Lunisolar Calendar in the 11th and 12th Year of Emperor Jun-Xun's Reign of the Northern Wei Dynasty by Ying-Huei Su (蘇瑩 輝) and Chow-Nan Liu (劉操南), and the copy of The Lunisolar Calendar retrieved from Japanese scholar Ikeda On, translated by Wun-Kuan Dun (鄧文寬). Accordingly, by analyzing these three texts, I will provide new interpretations in terms of the chronological development and restore the two calendars to their original forms. Furthermore, I would like to demonstrate that when one calculates “Chi Shuo Fa Lian” (the retraction and radiation of Chi during the first day of every month and the 24 solar terms) and “Yue Shi Jia Shi” (the time of lunar eclipses). I discover that the results parallel with the documentations on the manuscript-testified by “Jing Chu Calendar”. The calendar was compiled and organized by a scholar named Wei Yang (楊偉) during the late Wei Dynasty. Discussing the annotation of the calender, I will make separate studies on the origins of terms such as “Tai-sui” (the god who controls prosperity and disaster of the year), “Jianchu” (建除), “Shgeng” (始耕), “She” (社), and “La” (臘), and connect their perspectives of calculating the way of living with the previous dynasties. Although the calendars inherit the Han Dynasty calendar's annotation, its break from the complexity of that of the Tang and Song Dynasty's is apparent. Finally, by listing the entire calendar of both years I promote a different perspective to approach the relations of these dynasties that imply an immediate need for further research on this field of studies.