聞一多論《詩經》的原型闡釋

A Critic of Archetype by Wen Yiduo's Interpretation of Chinese Classics ＂The Book of Songs＂

《詩經》為具有多年文化積澱的原始藝術結晶，聞一多對其深厚的文化底蘊有深入的探究，即運用了原型的批評法，主要呈現於「隱語」與「神話」兩方面。在隱語方面，除了言食芣苡能受胎生子外，其他皆與男女情愛有關，如：「飢」為情慾未遂，「食」為遂慾的隱語；「魚」為匹偶或情侶的隱語；「打魚、釣魚」為求偶的隱語；「烹魚、吃魚」為合歡、結配的隱語；「吃魚的鳥獸」為主動一方的隱語等，另外亦指出河流乃隱喻愛情。而在神話方面，聞一多則指出玄鳥圖騰神話、漢水游女神話、姜嫄履跡感生神話、高唐神女傳說等。綜合之，其優點在於：所提文化原型之條目多可成立，所論有助於對詩意的深入理解，歸納、類比手法的運用能增加說服力。其缺失在於：過於重視性的象徵，以致以偏概全；類比過甚，以致想像過度，穿鑿附會；時有立論前後歧異或推論前後矛盾處。但就整體而言，其開創性的闡釋，對後代仍具有啟發之功。

The Chinese Classics “The Book of Songs” was an original artistic efforts and results for thousand years in Chinese Literary History. Wen Yidou tried to explore its abundant cultural sources, it is, he adopted a prototype critique method, mainly had been divided into two parts of “enigmatic language” and “mythology” system. In “enigmatic language” expression, he found the expression of “Woman took one kind of Chinese herb to be pregnant and borne a son”, in addition, all other subjects existed in the men and women's love, for example: “hungry” meant searching lust failure; “have gotten” meant a successful sexual relations. “Fish” meant the metaphor of spouse and partnership; “fishing and angle for fish” meant the metaphor of marriage. “Cooking fish and eating fish” meant match well; animals and birds hunting for fish proved clearly a male action. River always expressed itself a love stream. For the mythology, Wen Yiduo pointed out the black bird, totem symbol; some talent musician roamed through Han River in times long past. An Ancient Chinese Woman Chiang Yuan met a large footprint accidentally and borne a son, some artistic famous female musicians in High Tang Dynasty ... To sum up, the good merits of Wen Yiduo's research, found the items of cultural prototype were correct mostly, assisted people caught on the deep thought of the poetic meaning of “The Book of Songs”. Description principles of induction, analogy, and technique empowered its persuading strength in “The Book of Songs'. Its failures are: sexual symbols extended much was a false. Overmuch analogy was unfitted and therefore found its conclusion a paradox. All in all, his creative findings, was a successful instruction for later generation.