《左傳》「州」芻議──兼論作州兵

Study on “Zhou” in Zuo Zhuan and Discussion on “Zuo Zhou Bing”

「州」作為地名，常見於先秦典籍，《左傳》與《國語》與州相關地名即近百筆。本文分析《左傳》作為地名之州，其層次可概分為二：一為九州之州，另一是「○州」詞例之州。《左傳》「○州」詞例之州為特殊行政單位，其有二項共同特質：一、經常是安置非本國人士之處所，二、位置常處邊鄙。以此二項特質檢視晉惠公「作州兵」之內容，推測作州兵之州應是安置歸服晉國之戎、狄的特殊行政單位，作州兵即允許歸服晉國之戎、狄─即「州人」─擔任戰鬥人員，以補充韓原之戰後晉國折損之人員與武器，此即僖十五《傳》作州兵後「甲兵益多」之意。

The toponym, “Zhou” in Zuo Zhuan has two levels: one is “Zhou” of “Jiu Zhou”, and the other is “Zhou” of “X Zhou” as a term example. “X Zhou” is a very special administrative unit, and it has two common features: One is the accommodations where outlanders are settled down, and the other is the locations that are mostly in remote borders or far away from downtowns. By using these two features to scrutinize the contents of Jin Hui Gong’s “Zuo Zhou Bing,” it is presumed that “Zhou” of “Zuo Zhou Bing” should be the special administrative unit, the accommodation where the “Rong” and “Di” people yielding to Jin Country are settled down. “Zuo Zhou Bing” allows these “Rong” and “Di” people, also the “Zhou” people, to serve as the warriors in order to replenish the damages of personnel and weapons of Jin Country in the “Han Yuan Battle,” which is accorded with the meaning of “Jia Bing Yi Duo” after “Zuo Zhou Bing” in Zuo Zhuan in the 15th-year reign of Xi Gong.