兩宋皇家原廟及其禮俗意義淺探

Study on Sub-Imperial Ancestral Temple and Its Ritual and Custom Meanings in Song Dynasty

中國歷代皇家除正統的「宗廟」（太廟）以外，又有所謂「原廟」。原廟即重廟，始自漢惠帝採叔孫通之議，施行於西漢前期，其事不經，屢遭後人譏評。久歷年所之後，兩宋卻大肆仿行漢原廟之制，不僅造成享祀繁黷，甚至流於「重原廟而輕太廟」的非常現象。究竟宋皇家原廟實情如何，何以致之，本文略就禮俗視野考察相關現象及其意義，可發現「太廟」與「原廟」構成「正禮╱別俗」相對照的互補類型。而宋之所以復行原廟，不僅因為真宗編造遠祖祀典以強化王權基礎，猶與唐以來國家最高層供奉先帝「御容」、假佛寺道觀設立先人「影堂」、「功德寺」具有明顯的因果關係。原廟做為太廟的支流與裔，不受邦國祀典拘牽，甚且容許佛、道宗教儀軌滲入，相較於古制儒禮宗教意味淡薄，未曾措意究心於身後世界，適能填補其所遺留的空缺之處，為當事人帶來更多的心靈安頓。要之，兩宋原廟與太廟之間構成「禮（嚴敬）╱俗（親昵）」對比，反映「禮典」與「情性」微妙的拉鋸關係，實為中國禮制史上深富趣味的案例。

In ancient Chinese royal court, besides the main ancestral temple (太廟), there is also sub ancestral temple (原廟), the branch ancestral temple which started since Emperor Han Hui, who adopted Shu Sun Tong's advice and implemented this practice in early West Han Dynasty. This type of temples was criticized by their deviation from the formal ritual standard for many dynasties, until it was widely adopted again in Song Dynasty, resulting in not only more complex ritual but also the bigger popularity of sub ancestral temple over the main ancestral temple. What is the real picture of sub ancestral temple in Song Dynasty and what led to its resurfacing? The findings from this study suggest that main ancestral temple and sub ancestral temple are complementary and contrasting to each other at the same time, greatly contributing to the formalizing of ancient ritual, which became distinctively different from common customs. The reason of re-adopting sub ancestral temple can be attributed to the royal worshiping of ancient imperial portrait and sculpture, Buddhist temple, Taoist temple, portrait hall (影堂), and funerary temple (功德墳寺) since Tang Dynasty. Sub ancestral temple, evolving from the Ancestral temple and not bonded by formal royal ritual, allows the influences from Buddhism and Taoism ritual. The absence of religious influence and lack of interest toward afterlife in ancestral temple ritual are markedly different from sub ancestral temple ritual. On the other hand, sub ancestral temple ritual also serves to fill the void left by the dead, by bringing peace to the living. To sum up, this article discusses the contrast of “ritual V.S. custom” between sub ancestral temple and main ancestral temple in Song Dynasty. The subtle relationship and dynamic between ritual and sentiment found in these two types of worshiping are an important topic in studying ancient Chinese ritual.