張九成的聖王論述

Zhang Jiu-Cheng's Discourse on the Sage King

本文透過分析張九成（1092-1159）的「聖王論述」，探究張氏學術中深刻的經世關懷與豐富的政治理論；並且對於一些論斷，如朱熹評斷張氏「陽儒陰釋」之說，認為張氏心學為陸九淵心學的先聲，等等成說，進行一番釐清。論文主要分二大部分，第一部分討論張九成體用合一的聖王史觀。張氏有極高的政治理想。在其著作中，長於運用經典以發明心性之體，運用史事以闡論心性之用。其「聖王史觀」，是理學式的天理史觀，將「聖王」塑造成一普遍的人格符號，其心性與行事，皆合乎天理，是最高人格象徵，故人人可以為聖王。聖王之「心」有體有用、即體即用；學者欲知聖王之心，必須通過格物窮理，經、史兼讀，以求己心與聖心相映照。而「聖王」之道的實現，張氏藉由堯舜、湯武、孔孟的遞禪，彰顯天下為公的政治理想。第二部分在探究張氏以古為鑑的「聖王」論中的「具體性思維方式」。聖王之道可以發揮鑑照與鑑誡二種功能，學聖王之道者，其心體可與古聖王之心相映照，又可以引古事為鑑為誡。張氏既以聖王之道自我策勵，亦以之勸諫時君，對時世感懷深切，其學術充滿對時政痛切的反省與推諸實用的用心。

Through an analysis of the “Discourse on the Sage King” of Zhang Jiu-Cheng (1092-1159), this study examines Zhang's concern with ordering the world and political theory. It also seeks to clarify the reason for the subsequent belief that Zhang's xinxue was the source of Lu Jiu-Yuan's xinxue, by considering texts such as Zhu Xi's evaluation of Zhang's tendency to be inwardly Buddhist though outwardly Confucian. The study has two main parts, the first of which is a discussion of Zhang Jiucheng's historical viewpoint of the unity of a sage king who unifies substance and function (ti yong heyi). Zhang's sage king view of history is a lixue version of a historiography according to Heavenly Principle (lixue), through which the concept of sage king is considered to be a common component of personhood. Thus psychological disposition and action are united with Heavenly Principle as a representation of the highest level of personhood, and becoming a sage king is a possibility for all mankind. The mind (xin) of the sage king possesses both substance and function, both of which are simultaneously present. On the other hand, the way of the actual sage king is through the transmission of Yao-Shun, Tang-Wu, followed by Confucius and Mencius, leading to the realization of the political ideal of a unity of all under heaven. The second part of this study considers Zhang's theory of sage king as part of his understanding of history as a mirror. In this sense, the way of the sage king has the dual functions of reflection through spirit and reflection through deeds, and the mind and body of those who study the way of the sage king will share in that clarity, thereby enabling ancient history to act as a mirror for the interpretation of deeds.