上古「舌尖鼻音韻尾」各部之合韻分析

Diachronic Analysis of Chinese Archaic Rhyme Categories Among “Zhen-Wen”, “Wen-Yuan”, “Zhen-Yuan” And “Zhen-Wen-Yuan”

以中古206韻、韻圖開合等第投射出上古音系的「直線型理論模式」，往往忽略了不在這條演變途徑上的音韻層次和類型差異，也簡化了漢語音韻史的樣貌。歷時一千多年的上古韻部系統，無可避免有語言自身演變所造成的音類疊置；也有詩人用韻表現方音，或語言轉化（學習雅言）造成異方言音類進入書面語的異質層次。據此可推知從上古到中古不能只以同質系統內部的語音差異來思考，有必要在韻書、韻圖與《詩經》的對應關係之外，直接從各時期的語料來架構一個多層次、多類型的漢語語音史。關於上古「真文」、「真元」、「文元」、「真文元」等異部合韻，本文所提出的邏輯事實是：真部四等i元音裂化為ia，表現出in、ian兩種韻讀層次，前者為保守層，與文部臻攝字相押（真文合韻）；後者為創新層，與元部山攝字相押（真元合韻）。文部*ə元音有較強的游移性質，二等r使ə元音下降為a（文元合韻）；三等受j介音及韻尾前鼻音n影響前高化為i（真文合韻）；四等ə先前高化押真部（iən＞in），再裂化押元部（in＞ian）。元部字一般維持*a元音讀法，三等字有*jan＞jən的元音央化現象（文元合韻）。

In recent years, the researches of rhyme categories from archaic Chinese to ancient Chinese focus on the principles of comparative reconstruction and on the evolution relationship between Shi Jing and its corresponding rhyme books and rhyme tables, rather than the analysis of poetry rhymes of different periods. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bernhand Karlgren established the “linear theoretical model”. However, we all know that the model has limitations when it is applied to Chinese literature, so the model should be improved. Except the relationship between Shi Jing and its corresponding rhyme books and rhyme tables, we should directly investigate the archaic rhymes of poetries of different periods to establish a history of Chinese phonology including strata of Chinese sounds and linguistic typology. As to different archaic Chinese rhyme categories, like “Zhen-Wen”, “Wen-Yuan”, “Zhen-Yuan” and “Zhen-Wen-Yuan”, the logical fact is shown as below based on the “historical sound change”: 1. Archaic “Zhen” Category: (1)*in＞ian (Zhen-Yuan) 2. Archaic “Wen” Category: (1)*rən＞ran (Wen-Yuan) (2)*jən＞jin (Zhen-Wen) (3)iən＞in＞ian (Zhen-Wen, Wen-Yuan) 3. Archaic “Yuan” Category: (1)jan＞jən (Wen-Yuan).